immune system part 2 Flashcards
Jehovah witnesses object to what?
Blood transfusions
What about the Johovah witnesses belief became a public issue?
They wanted to deny their children potentially life-saving blood transfusions
What can the Canadian medical staff do about the blood transfusions?
Overrule the wishes of the parents either with court order or without one
What is central to the rules of the Jehovah witnesses?
That blood sacred and the idea that the life of a being resides in it’s blood
What have some physicians done to try and accommodate the concerns of Jehovah witnesses?
Bloodless surgery- a surgery that does not involve transfusions of other peoples blood to replace lost blood during surgery
Bloodless surgery is found to have some advantages over surgery that requires transfusions
What are the advantages(2) and disadvantages(1) of biomedical research done on animals?
Advantages: -Cheep -Quick(birth and development) Disadvantages: -is what you learn relevant to humans or not?
What is a surrogate outcome (surrogate endpoint)?
A measurable outcome that is not a clinical outcome, but that might correlate with a clinical outcome
What is an example of a surrogate outcome?
A drug that has an aim to lower the rate of heart disease, but to reach for that clinical outcome would take a lot of time and cost a lot of money. So instead researchers focused on a surrogate outcome such as a drug that may lower blood cholesterol (which is known to lower the risk of heart disease).
What are advantages and disadvantages to surrogate outcomes?
Advantage:
Cost and time and greatly reduced
Disadvantage:
Do not know what the drug might do long term, may cause other diseases
What is epidemiology?
the study of the causes and spread of disease
What lab epidemiology
what is shoe leather epidemiology?
studying it in a lab
Going to peoples homes and getting to know them and their life to try and figure out the disease
What was the beginning to epidemiology?
John snow and The borad street pump. Tracking that many people in the Cholera epidemic in London got their water from this one pump.
In epidemiological studies what is a case series?
Involves a discussion of one case and maybe a bunch of people show up to Emergency room with a bad couch and no one can find out what they have.
Treat them the best you can and track it, ask if they have anything in common (hike food)
No control
First step in determining what they have, no control and not necessarily dealing with a lot of people
Allows you to from a hypothesis
Cheepest
What is a case-control study (retrospective study)
what you may perform after a case series
retrospective you have a group that has an illness and try to find out what they have in common
has a control because you will study a group that does not have the illness and you will compare the groups in many different ways.
More extensive, need time money and people
What is a Cohort study (prospective study)
they are very and expensive long term.
experimenter will manipulate a variable
two groups that are quite similar but with one difference
you follow them for an extended period of time
ex. Vapping vs smoking
most informative
