Immune System Overview Flashcards
Do NK cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Lymphoid
Do macrophages come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Myeloid
Do Monocytes come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Myeloid
Do B cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Lymphoid
Do Neutrophils come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Myeloid
Do RBC’s come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Myeloid
Do T cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Lymphoid
Do Plasma cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Lymphoid
Do Eosinophils and basophils come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Myeloid
Do Platelets come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Myeloid
Do dendritic cells come from myeloid or lymphoid lineage?
Both!
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation calor?
Heat
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation rubor?
Redness
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation tumor?
Swelling
What is the cardinal sign of inflammation dolor?
Pain
What does TLR 1 recognise?
Gram positive bacteria
What does TLR 2 recognise?
Gram positive bacteria
What does TLR 3 recognise?
Double stranded RNA
What does TLR 4 recognise?
Gram negative bacteria
What does TLR 8 recognise?
Double stranded RNA
What does TLR 7 recognise?
Double stranded RNA
What does TLR 9 recognise?
Unmethylated DNA
What are the main 3 cytokines (acting as pro-inflammatory mediators) released by macrophages?
What do these do?
What are the bonus 2 and what do they do?
TNF-alpha
IL1b
IL6
These up-regulate vascular adhesion molecules, vasodilate, increase vascular permeability and induce maturation of dendritic cells
(IL8) - chemotactic agent for neutrophils
(IL12) - helps Th1 response
What are the 5 inflammatory cascades?
1) complement
2) coagulation
3) bradykinin
4) arachidonic acid
5) free radicals
What 4 things does bradykinin do in the inflammatory pathway?
1) PAIN!
2) increases vascular permeability
3) causes smooth muscle contraction
4) vasodilates
What 2 things does the coagulation cascade do in the inflammatory pathway?
1) Increases vascular permeability
2) attracts neutrophils via chemotaxis
What part of the arachidonic acid pathway do steroids act on?
What are these therefore good at?
Steroids inhibit phospholipids A2, therefore the arachidonic acid pathway can not continue meaning steroids are anti-inflammatory
What is the first part of the arachidonic acid pathway?
Arachidonic acid is cleaved from membrane phospholipids by the enzyme phospholipase A2 (this may be triggered by tissue/cell damage due to insult or injury)
This allows arachidonic acid to become the substrate for two enzymes and two further pathways
What are the two pathways and enzymes that arachidonic acid can take?
1) the cyclooxygenase pathway (COX)
2) the lipoxygenase pathway (LOX)
(Enzymes have same names as pathways respectively)
What are the 2 products of the cyclooxygenase pathway?
1) prostaglandins
2) thromboxane
What is the product of the lipoxygenase pathway?
Leukotrienes
What is the difference between chronic and acute inflammation in terms of exudate?
What about with fibrosis?
More exudate in acute inflammation, therefore more oedema
Little or no fibrosis in acute inflammation compared to chronic
What is grannulomatous inflammation?
What diseases is this seen in commonly?
Focal groups of macrophages working to ‘wall off’ the pathogen to keep it from spreading
TB
Leprosy
Schistosomiasis
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergy?
Type 1
