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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Immune system Chp. 21 (Questions 13-21) > Flashcards

Immune system Chp. 21 (Questions 13-21) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sequence of humoral immunity?

A
  1. B-cell stimulation
  2. B-cell activation
  3. clonal selection
  4. plasma cells
  5. antibodies
  6. attack!
  7. memory
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2
Q

What is B-cell stimulation?

A

antigen-lymphocyte interaction. assistance of helper T cells.

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3
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

mitosis of B cells

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4
Q

What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?

A

be an antibody factory, become memory B cells.

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5
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

makes antibodies faster and in greater abundance. no noticeable symptoms.

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6
Q

What is the basic structure of an antibody?

A

Figure 21.14 Pg. 781

four polypeptides - two short light chains and two long heavy chains

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7
Q

What are the main classes of immunoglobins?

A

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE

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8
Q

What are the four ways the antibodies eliminate the antigen?

A
  1. neutralization- masks dangerous parts of bad guy
  2. agglutination- binds to multiple pathogen, clumping
  3. precipitation- soluble antigens. clumping. in fluid.
  4. complement fixation- makes hole in cell. cell lysis.
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9
Q

What are the different types of T-lymphocytes and their functions?

A
  • Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc): destruction of a pathogen.
  • Helper T-cells (Th): promote the action of other t-cells
  • Regulatory T-cells (Treg): limit the attack of cytotoxic T-cells
  • Memory T-cells (Tm): recognize the pathogen for when exposed again
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10
Q

What is the sequence of cellular immunity?

A
  1. antigen presentation
  2. t-cell activation
  3. clonal selection
  4. attack
  5. Treg release chemicals that inhibit Tc
  6. t-cell recall response
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11
Q

What occurs during antigen presentation?

A

antigen presenting cells partially destroy pathogen, and displays epitope

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12
Q

What occurs during the attack response?

A

Tc attacks pathogen, its a direct attack. t-cell binds to infected cell & injects cytotoxic chemical (perforin) which makes holes in membrane.

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13
Q

What is the T-cell recall response?

A

Tm turns into Tc during re-exposure.

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14
Q

How do the Tc cells defeat the pathogen?

A

Tc cells bind to infected cells and inject cytoxic chemicals (perforin) which makes a hole in the membrane. then the pathogen is injected with gransymes which cause apoptosis, which is cell-suicide.

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15
Q

Identify the difference between active and passive humoral immunity.

A

active immunity creates a permanent resistance while passive is a temporary resistance.

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16
Q

what is the difference between natural and artificially obtained immunity and examples?

A

natural- naturally being infected with a virus. getting sick on your own.
artificially- purposely being given a dead pathogen via injections. vaccines.

17
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

immune system reaction to an antigen that most tolerate just fine. example-an allergy

18
Q

What is the difference between immediate and delayed hypersensitivity?

A

immediate hypersensitivity- symptoms occur right away

delayed hypersensitivity- takes 1-3 days before you see symptoms

19
Q

Give examples of type I, II, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions.

A

Type I: immediate sensitivity. causes mucus hypersecretion, local edema. in extreme cases anaphylactic shock.
Type II & III: subacute, slower onset, longer duration. IgG or IgM.
Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity. cell mediated response. Tc

20
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

failure of self-tolerance. antibodies fail to distinguish self-antigens from foreign-antigens.

21
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

A

lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, graves disease, crohn’s disease, AIDS etc.

22
Q

What is the virus that leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

A

HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

23
Q

What does HIV destroy?

A

HIV invades helper t-cells, dendrites, and macrophages

24
Q

How does HIV lead to a suppressed immune system?

A

HIV destroys helper t-cells which depresses cellular immunity

25
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

blood, semen, vaginal secretion, and breast milk

26
Q

What are the current treatment strategies for AIDS?

A
  • prevent virus from binding to helper t-cells
  • disrupt reverse transcriptase
  • inhibit assembly of new viruses
  • drug treatment: AZT, retrovir, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, tenofovir.

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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