Immune system and the Bodys Deffenses questions Flashcards
Unit 1 A&P
Define Infectious Agent
things that cause disease or damage to host
What are the five major categories of infectious agents?
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoans
Multinucelluar parasites
Describe Bacteria
- prokaryotic
- single cell
- lack nuclear envelope
-Strep throat, Staph infection
Describe Viruses
- not a cell
- made from DNA/ RNA in a shell
- obligate intracelluar parasites
- COVID, Common cold
Describe Fungi
- Eukaryotic
- Uni/Multi cellular
-makes spores - releases prolytic enzymes
- Molds, diaper rash
Describe protozoans
- Eukaryotic
- lack cell wall
- unicellular parasites
- messes w/ normal cell function
- Malaria
Describe Multicellular parasites
- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
-Live in host - tape worms
Describe a Prion and name a disease they causes, Why?
- Small disease-causing protein
- Mad cow
prions transfer from cows to humans as they eat the meat
Define specific and nonspecific defense.
Specific defense
- not born with
- body fights off things we are exposed to over a lifetime
- eliminates foreign substance
Nonspecific Defense(Innate)
-Born with
- protects us from many substances
-skin, mucous membranes, T/ B lymphocytes
Which of the two does NOT depend on prior exposure to the pathogen?
innate/nonspecific defense
How is the first line of defense different from the second line of defense?
First line
- prevents entry of pathogens
- nonspecific defense
-skin and mucous membranes
Second line
- nonspecific internal defense
- effective for a wide range of pathogens
What is produced during the first line of defense in the skin and mucous membranes that provides protection?
mucous
Define cytokines
- small soluble proteins made by cells of innate and adaptive immunity
What are the three second lines of defense?
- cellular defense
- Antimicrobial proteins
- Inflammation
Define phagocytosis
- non specific
- neutrophils and macrophages go to an infected area to remove debris
- pathogen gets trapped in phagosome, fuses to lysosome to form phagolysosome
What is the process of phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis
- Adherence
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- killing
understande the 5 processes in phagocytosis.
Name the cells involved in cellular defense.
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Fixed and wondering macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Basophils & Mast cells
Eosinophils
NK cells
Where are Neurophils formed? Travel to?
Bone Marrow
- blood then tissues
Where are macrophages formed? Travel to?
extracellular matrix between cells
Where are fixed and wandering macrophages formed? Travel to?
bone marrow
blood as a monocyte
Dendritic cells are formed where? Travel to?
Bone marrow
-peripheral tissues
Basophil and mast cells are formed where?Travel to?
Bone marrow
blood and tissue
eosinophils are formed where? Travel to?
Bone marrow
-mucous of respiratory, digestive and lower urinary tracts