Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KINE Ch. 1 > Immune system and the Bodys Deffenses questions > Flashcards

Immune system and the Bodys Deffenses questions Flashcards

Unit 1 A&P

1
Q

Define Infectious Agent

A

things that cause disease or damage to host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the five major categories of infectious agents?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoans
Multinucelluar parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Bacteria

A
  • prokaryotic
  • single cell
  • lack nuclear envelope
    -Strep throat, Staph infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Viruses

A
  • not a cell
  • made from DNA/ RNA in a shell
  • obligate intracelluar parasites
  • COVID, Common cold
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Uni/Multi cellular
    -makes spores
  • releases prolytic enzymes
  • Molds, diaper rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe protozoans

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • lack cell wall
  • unicellular parasites
  • messes w/ normal cell function
  • Malaria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Multicellular parasites

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
    -Live in host
  • tape worms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe a Prion and name a disease they causes, Why?

A
  • Small disease-causing protein
  • Mad cow
    prions transfer from cows to humans as they eat the meat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define specific and nonspecific defense.

A

Specific defense
- not born with
- body fights off things we are exposed to over a lifetime
- eliminates foreign substance

Nonspecific Defense(Innate)
-Born with
- protects us from many substances
-skin, mucous membranes, T/ B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the two does NOT depend on prior exposure to the pathogen?

A

innate/nonspecific defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the first line of defense different from the second line of defense?

A

First line
- prevents entry of pathogens
- nonspecific defense
-skin and mucous membranes
Second line
- nonspecific internal defense
- effective for a wide range of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is produced during the first line of defense in the skin and mucous membranes that provides protection?

A

mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define cytokines

A
  • small soluble proteins made by cells of innate and adaptive immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three second lines of defense?

A
  1. cellular defense
  2. Antimicrobial proteins
  3. Inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define phagocytosis

A
  • non specific
  • neutrophils and macrophages go to an infected area to remove debris
  • pathogen gets trapped in phagosome, fuses to lysosome to form phagolysosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
  5. killing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

understande the 5 processes in phagocytosis.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the cells involved in cellular defense.

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Fixed and wondering macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Basophils & Mast cells
Eosinophils
NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are Neurophils formed? Travel to?

A

Bone Marrow
- blood then tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are macrophages formed? Travel to?

A

extracellular matrix between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are fixed and wandering macrophages formed? Travel to?

A

bone marrow
blood as a monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dendritic cells are formed where? Travel to?

A

Bone marrow
-peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Basophil and mast cells are formed where?Travel to?

A

Bone marrow
blood and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

eosinophils are formed where? Travel to?

A

Bone marrow
-mucous of respiratory, digestive and lower urinary tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where are NK cells formed and where do they travel to

A

bone marrow
-lymphoid organs, liver,lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Understand antigen presentation by macrophages.

A

programmed to look for and eat foreign particles between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are fixed macrophages different from wandering macrophages?

A

Fixed
- sets up houses in a tissue to monitor for pathogens
Wandering
- moves in/out of blood and lymph to monitor pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where can fixed macrophages be found?

A

Macrophages of loose connective tissue
- Microglia in CNS
- Hepatic macrophages in liver
- Areolar macrophages in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Phagocytic cells of skin and mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the difference between a basophil and mast cell?

A

Basophil
-circulate blood
Mast Cells
- in CT of skin, mucosal linings and internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What chemicals are secreted by basophils and mast cells?

A

histamine
heparine
eiosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a NK cell?

A

Cells that starts apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do NK cells destroy cells?

A

gives perforin and granzyme to start apoptosis of infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

antimicrobial protein provide…

A

short term, nonspecific resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what do histamines do?

A

increase blood flow
speeds up leukocytes to certain area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does heparin do?

A

stops formation of clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

eicosanoids increase…

A

inflammation

38
Q

What are the 2 kinds of antimicrobial proteins?

A

interferons and Complement

39
Q

Define interferon.

A

cytokine
signaling proteins made and released by cells that have been invaded by a virus

40
Q

How do interferons work?

A
  1. infected cell secretes interferon
  2. interferon diffuses stimulating close cells to make antiviral proteins(PKR)
  3. The virus is prevented from multiplying
41
Q

What are the different types of Interferons?

A

-Type I( alpha/Beta)
- Type II( Gamma y)
- Type III( upside down y)

42
Q

What is the complement system?

A

30+ globulins that aid in nonspecific resistance and specific immunity

43
Q

How many plasma proteins are in the complement system?

A

60

44
Q

Know the difference between the classical pathway, alternative pathway and lectin pathway.

A
45
Q

Classical Pathway

A
  1. C1 binds to antigen - antibody complexes
  2. C2 and C4 split forming C2b, C2a, C4b and C4a
  3. C2a and C4b join to form C3
  4. C3 is split to C3a and C3b
  5. C3a stimulates inflamtaion
  6. C6, C7, C8 and C9 associate to form MAC causing cell lysis
46
Q

Alternative pathway

A
  1. Factor B, factor D, factor P and C3b bind to cell walls polysaccharides to activate C3b
  2. C3 undergoes autolysis for C3b that is unstable
  3. Factor B stabilizes C3b
  4. Factor D cleaves factor B to make C3b factor Bb( acts as convertase)
  5. Properdin, factor P stabilizes C3b facotr Bb C3 convertase
47
Q

What is the job of C1 in the complement system?

A

activates

48
Q

the 3 functions of inflamation are…

A
  1. limit/ destroy pathogens
  2. remove debris of damaged tissue
  3. start tissue repair
49
Q

What triggers the inflammatory response?

A

injury of any kind

50
Q

What are the chemicals involved in inflammation?

A

Histamine
Leukotriens
prostaglandins
Interleukins
TNF

51
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
swelling
heat
pain

52
Q

Define margination.

A

CAMs on leukocytes attach to CAMs on endothelial cells of injured tissue

53
Q

Define emigration (diapedesis).

A

when leukocytes squeeze out between endothelial cell walls and travel to destination of infection

54
Q

What are the first cells that react ( are on the scene) to an inflammatory reaction?

A

neutrophils

55
Q

What are the second cells that react (are on the scene) to an inflammatory reaction?

A

Monocytes

56
Q

How is fever beneficial?

A

helps innate immunity and inflammatory response

57
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

fever inducing molecules

58
Q

What prostaglandin is released during a fever that raises the setpoint?

A

PGE2

59
Q

What are the three characteristics of specific defense?

A

Specific - directed against pathogen

systemic- not restricted to the certain infection site

memory - when re-exposed body same pathogen reacts stronger

60
Q

Define humoral and cellular immunity

A

humoral
- release of antibodies from plasma cell

cellular
- immune response w/ t lymphocytes

61
Q

Which form of immunity is based on the action of lymphocytes that directly attack cells?

A

Celluar immunity

62
Q

Name the three cells involved in adaptive immunity.

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
cytoxic T cells

63
Q

Define an epitope (antigenic determinants).

A

portions or fragments of antigens

64
Q

What two things bind to these sites?

A

B cells and T cells

65
Q

What are MHC proteins? What role do they play in specific defense?

A

plasma membrane proteins that mark cells as self to present antigens

they present self and non self peptide antigens to T cells

66
Q

What are the two major groups of MHC proteins and what cells are they found on?

A

MHC class I - nucleated cells

MHc clas II - Antigen presenting cell(APC)

67
Q

Define immunocompetent. Define clonal selection

A

immunocompetent- able to bind to foreign antigens and respond

Clonal selection- on binding antigen, the cell is activated to divide and produce clones

68
Q

Where do T cells become immunocompetent? B cells?

A

T cells - thymus

B cells - red bone marrow

69
Q

Understand positive and negative selection of T cells. Define anergy.

A

anergy- the absence of reaction to an antigen

positive- t cells in the thymus that bind moderately to MHC stay positive

Negative T cells- t cells that bind strongly to MNC self react and are killed

70
Q

Define APC. Which cells are APCs?

A

antigen-presenting cells

macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells

71
Q

What is the difference between a complete and incomplete antigen?

A

Complete antigen- starts an immune response and reacts w/ products from it

Incomplete antigen- unable to start immune reaction but can link w/ carrier proteins

72
Q

Know the types of substances that act as complete and incomplete antigens.

A

complete- glycoproteins, lipoproteins, immune response

incomplete- peptides, nucleotides, hormones, household products

73
Q

What is a hapten?

A

small substances that attach to another molecule to initiate immune reaction

74
Q

Define immunogenicity. Define reactivity.

A

immunogenicity- the ability to cause an immune response

reactivity- antigen reacts specifically to antibodies it provokes

75
Q

What are the principal cells in humoral immunity?

A

B cells

76
Q

Know the three stages in humoral immunity.

A

B cell activation

Antibody secretion

Antigen elimination

77
Q

What triggers B cells to undergo clonal selection?

A

when it comes across a antigen that fits the specific antigen receptor

78
Q

What does a B cell give rise to when undergoing clonal selection?

A

antibodies into the blood

79
Q

What are the five classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgA
IgE
IgD
IgG
IgM

80
Q

Know the function of each immunoglobulin

A
81
Q

What are the four defense mechanisms used by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex?

A
82
Q

Know the function of each mechanism.

A
83
Q

How many days after the primary response do antibodies begin to appear?

A

3-6 days

84
Q

Which cells are formed during the primary response that can mount a quick secondary response?

A

B cells

85
Q

Which immunoglobulin responds first during a primary response and which responds second?

A

IgM

86
Q

What are the two main T cells that are involved in cellular immunity?

A

Helper T cells
cytoxic T cells

87
Q

Which of those are CD8 and which are CD4?

A

Cytoxic- CD8
Helper- CD4

88
Q

When an APC encounters and processes a foreign antigen, who does it present the foreign antigen to in the lymph node?

A

ag-MHCP to a CD4 cell( helper T)

89
Q

Understand co-stimulation.

A

when a Th/Tc binds to MhCP the T cell epitope must bind to another site before another response can happen

90
Q

What is the function of interleukins in the attack stage of cellular immunity?

A

slows down immune response

91
Q

What are autoantibodies and what role do they play in autoimmune disease?

A

attacks the body’s own tissue

92
Q

What are the three reasons why self-tolerance may fail?

A

KINE Ch. 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions