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Histology Lecture > Immune System and Lymphoid Tissue > Flashcards

Immune System and Lymphoid Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

It is more of a functional system ; provides defense or immunity against infectious agents ranging from viruses to multicellular parasites

A

Immune System

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2
Q

Immune System is composed of various cells called?

A

White Blood Cells and Antigen Presenting Cells

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3
Q

Where does cells in the Immune System usually concentrate?

A

Lymphoid Organs

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4
Q

2 divisions of Immune System

A
  1. Innate Immunity
  2. Adaptive Immunity
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5
Q

It is the pre-existing nonspecific defenses

A

Innate Immunity

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6
Q

Innate Immunity is composed of:

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Chemical defenses
  3. Various secretory substances
  4. Phagocytes
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7
Q

The main effector of our innate immune system

A

Phagocytes

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8
Q

Acquired gradually by exposure to microorganisms, is more specific, slower to respond

A

Adaptive Immunity

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9
Q

determines the microbe or invader and then presents it to the lymphocytes to mount a more specific attack

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

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10
Q

involves the cytotoxic elimination, via the CD8 or the cytotoxic lymphocyte

A

Cellular response

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11
Q

this molecule is recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system and typically elicits a response from these cells

A

Antigen

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12
Q

It is an antigenic determinants

A

Epitopes

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13
Q

It is secreted by plasma cells

A

Antigen

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14
Q

These are able to bind specifically and neutralize certain viral particles and bacterial toxins

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

Antibodies are also known as:

A

Immunoglobulins

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16
Q

Five major classes of immonoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD

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17
Q

What does the bodies triggers in vaccination

A

Antibodies

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18
Q

The bonding of Fc portion promotes

A

Complement activation
Opsonization
NK (natural killer) cell activation

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19
Q

Facilitates the enhanced phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

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20
Q

What does the binding of antigen-binding site of an antibody with antigen causes?

A

Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation

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21
Q

Antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin

A

Neutralization

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22
Q

Antibody cross-links cells, such as bacteria, forming a “clump”

A

Agglutination

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23
Q

Antibody cross-links circulating particles, such as toxins, forming and insoluble antigen-antibody complex

A

Precipitation

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24
Q

group of molecules that attacks the membrane of a microbe and cause cell lysis

A

Complement fixation

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25
Q

antibodies coats the bacterium and make it more appealing to the phagocytes for eating

A

Opsonization

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26
Q

releases perforin and granzymes

A

NK Cells

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27
Q

substances that creates holes unto
bacterium, but most likely into virus-infected cells

A

perforin and granzymes

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28
Q

Cells of Adaptive Immunity

A

Antigen and Lymphocytes

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29
Q

Lymphocytes aredivid ed into:

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

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30
Q

T lymphocyte is further subdivided into:

A

Helper T Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells

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31
Q

These cells are denoted by the presence of the
CD4 protein ; assist in the immune responses by
producing cytokines that promote the differentiation of our B cells unto plasma cells ; activate macrophages to become phagocytic ; activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

Helper T Cells

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32
Q

These cells are denoted by the presence of
CD8 protein ; represents what is called the cell
mediated immunity ; they directly attack tumor
cells

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

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33
Q

These cells has neither CD4 or CD8 ; more
on the inhibition of the specific immune
responses ; monitoring peripheral tolerance

A

Regulatory T Cells

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34
Q

important in the development of the T
lymphocytes in the thymus

A

Regulatory T Cells

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35
Q

groups of cells, tissues, and organs that monitor body surfaces and internal fluid compartments and
react to the presence of potentially harmful
substances

A

Lymphoid Organs

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36
Q

The definitive cell type

A

Lymphocytes

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37
Q

Lymphoid organs are divided into:

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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38
Q

Lymphoid organs are divided into:

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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39
Q

Thymus and Bone Marrow

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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40
Q

Lymph nodes, Spleen and Diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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41
Q

It is usually what is called the gastric associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), found in the digestive tract

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue

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42
Q

lymphoid tissue found in the pulmonary tract

A

Bronchi associated lymphoid tissue

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43
Q

primary or central lymphoid organ in which T cells
are produced

A

Thymus

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44
Q

bilobed structure in the mediastinum of the
sternum ; originates from the embryo’s third pair of
pharyngeal pouches

A

Thymus

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45
Q

Its main function is the induction of central tolerance

A

Thymus

46
Q

It is when the thymus shrinks as the person ages

A

Involution

47
Q

Outer portion of the parenchyma ; Darkly basophilic ; Contains an extensive population of T
lymphoblasts

A

Cortex

48
Q

it refers to young lymphocytes

A

Thymocytes

49
Q

an active thymus is packed with small, highly basophilic lymphoblasts that proliferate as well as undergo positive and negative selection in that region

A

Cortical Zone

50
Q

It has something to do with acquiring CD4 or CD8 receptor

A

Positive and negative selection

51
Q

there is also the elimination of T cells that would react to self-antigen ; if they react to self-antigen, they will be induced to undergo apoptosis

A

Positive and negative selection

52
Q

Meshwork of unusual thymic epithelial cells that supports lymphoblast in the cortical zone

A

Cytoreticulum

53
Q

Inner portion of the parenchyma ; Contains mostly large lymphocytes ; Thymic or Hassall’s corpuscles

A

Medulla

54
Q

considered to be the potent source of the cytokine which is necessary for the differentiation and maturation of the T lymphocytes

A

Hassall’s corpuscles

55
Q

They provide a framework for the developing T
cells

A

Epithelioreticular cells

56
Q

6 types of epithelioreticular cells

A

Type I, II, III, IV, V, and VI

57
Q

function as a barrier that isolates developing T cells from the connective tissue of the organ

A

Type I

58
Q

express MHC I and MHC II molecules,
which are involved in thymic cell education

A

Type II

59
Q

functional barrier; possess MHC I
and MHC II molecules

A

Type III

60
Q

with type III cells, they create the
barrier at the corticomedullary junction (the
separation between the cortex and medulla)

A

Type IV

61
Q

provide the cellular framework of the
medulla and to compartmentalize groups of
lymphocytes

A

Type V

62
Q

form the most characteristic feature of the thymic medulla, the thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles

A

Type IV

63
Q

this protects the developing lymphocytes in the thymus from the exposure to antigens

A

Blood-Thymus Barrier

64
Q

has an efferent lymph vessel but no
afferent

A

Blood-Thymus Barrier

65
Q

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

A

Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue

66
Q

Discrete concentrations of lymphocytes
contained in a meshwork of reticular cells

A

Lymphatic nodules

67
Q

Where does most of the lymphocytes activate with the use of antigen presentation which includes MALT, lymph nodes and spleen

A

Lymphatic nodules

68
Q

lymphatic nodule consisting
chiefly of small lymphocytes

A

Primary Nodule

69
Q

It has germinal center

A

Secondary Nodule

70
Q

contains large immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts and plasmablasts) ; a morphologic indication of
lymphatic tissue response to antigen

A

Germinal Center

71
Q

Large, irregular masses of lymphoid tissue in
the mucosa of the posterior oral cavity and
nasopharynx where their cells encounter
antigens entering the mouth and nose

A

Tonsils

72
Q

deep invaginations in which
the epithelial lining is densely infiltrated with
lymphocytes and other leukocytes

A

Tonsillar Crypts

73
Q

3 Types of Tonsils

A

Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal Tonsils

74
Q

continuous with esophagus;
stratified squamous epithelium

A

Palatine

75
Q

near the oral cavity ; covered by
stratified squamous epithelium ; lack distinct
capsules

A

Lingual

76
Q

near the oropharynx ; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ; has a thin underlying capsule, lacks crypts

A

Pharyngeal Tonsils

77
Q

Located in the ileum (large intestine) ; Consist of numerous aggregations of lymphatic nodules containing T and B lymphocytes

A

Peyer patches

78
Q

A short, small diameter projection from the
cecum ; Lamina propria is heavily infiltrated with
lymphocytes and contains numerous
lymphatic nodules

A

Vermiform appendix

79
Q

bean-shaped, encapsulated structures
distributed throughout the body along the lymphatic
vessels

A

Lymph Nodes

80
Q

constitute a series of in-line filters of lymph
that defend against the spread of microorganisms
and tumor cells

A

Lymph Nodes

81
Q

It is present within lymphoid nodules

A

FDCs (follicular dendritic cells)

82
Q

most abundant cells of lymph nodes

A

lymphocytes of all types, plasma cells, dendritic
cells, macrophages, and other APCs (antigen
presenting cells)

83
Q

Two types of lymphatic vessels serve the lymph
node

A

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

84
Q

Convey lymph toward the node and enter it at
various points on the convex surface of the
capsule

A

Afferent Lymphatic Vessels

85
Q

Convey lymph away from the node and leave
at the hilum

A

Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

86
Q

Composed of dense connective tissue that
surrounds the node

A

Capsule

87
Q

Also composed of dense connective tissue,
which extend from the capsule into the
substance of the node, forming a gross
framework

A

Trabeculae

88
Q

Composed of reticular cells and reticular fibers that form a fine supporting meshwork throughout the remainder of the organ ; Dominates the lymph node

A

Reticular tissue

89
Q

Forms the outer portion of the node except at
the hilum

A

Cortex

90
Q

Components of Cortex

A

Subcapsular Sinus
Lymphoid Nodules

91
Q

Receives lymph from the afferent lymphatics ; Lined by a very thin, discontinuous endothelium penetrated by reticulin fibers and processes of dendritic cells

A

Subcapsular Sinus

92
Q

Spherical or oval aggregates of lymphocytes ; Formed largely by helper T lymphocyte and proliferating B lymphoblasts

A

Lymphoid Nodules

93
Q

Without germinal center

A

Primary Nodule

94
Q

With germinal center

A

Secondary Nodule

95
Q

the sites within the lymph nodes where the mature B cells would proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes

A

Germinal centers

96
Q

Inner part of the lymph node

A

Medulla

97
Q

Components of medulla

A

Medullary Cords
Medullary Sinuses

98
Q

Branched cordlike masses of lymphoid tissue
extending from the paracortex ; Contain T and B lymphocytes and many
plasma cells

A

Medullary Cords

99
Q

Dilated spaces lined by discontinuous
endothelium that separate the medullary
cords

A

Medullary Sinuses

100
Q

about the size of a clenched fist ; largest lymphatic organ ; located in the upper left quadrant of the
abdominal cavity and has a rich blood supply

A

Spleen

101
Q

only lymphoid organ involved in filtration of blood ; main site of old erythrocyte destruction ; a production site of antibodies and activated
lymphocytes

A

Spleen

102
Q

restricted to the smaller areas;
usually surrounding the central arterioles

A

White Pulp

103
Q

occupies most of the parenchyma

A

Red Pulp

104
Q

Consists of a thick accumulation of
lymphocytes surrounding an artery

A

White Pulp

105
Q

branch of the splenic artery

A

Central artery

106
Q

compose of lymphocytes that aggregate
around the central artery

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

107
Q

Contains large numbers of red blood cells that
it filters and degrades

A

Red Pulp

108
Q

Components of Red Pulp

A

Splenic Cords (of Billroth)
Splenic Sinusoids

109
Q

Separated by the sinusoids ; Reticular tissue rich in macrophages and
lymphocytes

A

Splenic Cords (of Billroth)

110
Q

Allows RBC to pass through if it still has its usual
discord shape

A

Splenic Sinusoids

111
Q

elongated endothelial cells lining these
sinusoids, oriented parallel to the blood flow
and sparsely wrapped in reticular fibers and
highly discontinuous basal lamina

A

Stave Cells

Histology Lecture (4 decks)

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