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Bio Exam 3 > Immune System and Blood > Flashcards

Immune System and Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the Immune System

A

 Defend the body against foreign invaders.
 Must be able to discriminate between the
body’s own cells and tissues versus
foreign material.

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2
Q

An Antigen is :

A

any object or substance that is
perceived as foreign and therefore elicits
an immune response.

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3
Q

Antibodies are:

A

proteins produced by B cells in response to an antigen.

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4
Q

A Pathogen is:

A

microorganisms and parasites that cause disease.

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5
Q

Examples Barrier Defenses:

A
  1. Skin
  2. Tears and saliva have lysozyme
  3. The respiratory tract has cilia and mucus
  4. The stomach acids
  5. Beneficial bacteria
  6. Acidic urine
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6
Q

The _______ is an excellent barrier keeping

many things out of the body

A

skin

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7
Q

_____ and ______ have lysozymes which are enzymes that can kill bacteria.

A

Tears and saliva

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8
Q

The respiratory tract has _____ and _____ that help to transport foreign
things out of the respiratory system

A

cilia and mucus

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9
Q

The_______ has acids that help kill bacteria

A

stomach

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10
Q

Beneficial bacteria in the _____ and ______ out compete harmful
bacteria

A

large intestine and vagina

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11
Q

Acidic urine kills bacteria and washes bacteria from the _____

A

urethra

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12
Q

Which of the following is not a barrier defense?

  1. Skin
  2. Tears
  3. Antibodies
  4. Stomach acid
A
  1. Antibodies
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13
Q

Two Types of Immune Defense:

A

Nonspecific defenses

Specific defenses

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14
Q

Nonspecific defenses are:

A

Parts of the immune system that attack
any antigen (cell or object it identifies as
foreign)

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15
Q

Specific defenses are:

A

Other immune cells will only respond to

one particular antigen

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16
Q

Which defense leads to acquired immunity:

A

Specific defenses

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17
Q

acquired immunity definition:

A

a long lasting protection from that particular antigen

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18
Q

Non Specific Defenses examples:

A
  1. Immune system cells
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Proteins
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19
Q

If our body comes in contact with an antigen,

it “remembers” that antigen so the next time __________

A

it comes in contact with it, the body can quickly

mount a defense.

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20
Q

To defend against foreign invaders, the body needs to ________

A

identify its own cells.

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21
Q

All the cells in your body have proteins in their plasma membrane that ______

A

identify it as part of you body.

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22
Q

The proteins in the plasma membrane that identify it as part of your
body are called : _______

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers

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23
Q

Your MHC markers are ______

A

unique to you

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24
Q

In the specific defenses there are two ways

we fight invaders what are they:

A

Antibody-mediated immunity , Cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q

B cells are examples of :

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

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26
Q

T cells are examples of :

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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27
Q

There are two types of specific defense

lymphocytes they are:

A

 B Cells - specific defense

 T Cells - specific defense

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28
Q

T cells are produced in the _____

A

bone marrow

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29
Q

T-cells travel to the ______ where they develop into mature T Cells.

A

thymus

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30
Q

T cells are important in the ________ of our acquired immunity.

A

cell-mediated part

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31
Q

B cells are produced in the ______-

A

bone marrow

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32
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

The bone marrow

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33
Q

B cells are important in _______-

A

antibody-mediated immunity

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34
Q

Both mature B cells and T cells will go to the

______ and ______

A

lymphatic system and the circulatory system

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35
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

  1. Spleen
  2. Thymus
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Bone
A
  1. Bone
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36
Q 
An object that is perceived as foreign and 
illicits an immune response.
1. Pathogen
2. Antigen
3. Antibody
A
  1. Antigen
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37
Q

Antibodies are :

A

proteins that circulate through
the body and bind onto a particular antigen
(foreign object)

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38
Q

Antibodies start out as ______ on the
surface of _____. The antibody is specific –
it only bind with one type of antigen.

A

receptors , B cells

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39
Q

Antibodies are released from _____ and circulate throughout the body.

A

B cells

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40
Q

What process produces RNA?
A. Replication
B. Translation
C. transcription

A

C. transcription

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41
Q

An antibody is specific to a particular _________

A

antigen

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42
Q

The B cells have DNA sequences that are constantly being ______ to create new B cells with new types of receptors.

A

“shuffled”

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43
Q

DNA is transcribed to make ______

A

mRNA

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44
Q

mRNA is translated to make _______

A

proteins

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45
Q

each B cell only have _____ type of receptor.

A

one

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46
Q

When a B cell receptor comes into contact with the antigen it is specific for, the B cell starts to ___________

A

make identical copies of itself through mitosis

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47
Q

The copies B cells start to make are called clones also known as ______

A

clonal selection.

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48
Q

Some of these B cells will shed their receptors called:

A

Plasma cells

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49
Q

Other B cells will keep their receptors, and will remain in the body, ready to defend against the antigen in the future these are called:

A

Memory cells

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50
Q

B cells are produced in the _______ and _______ in the bone marrow

A

bone marrow, mature

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51
Q

B cells have receptors in the _______

A

plasma membrane

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52
Q

B cells that shed their receptors are ________

A

plasma B cells

53
Q

B cells that keep their receptors and remain in the blood are ______

A

memory B cells

54
Q

The antibodies that are free floating in your body will _____ to the ______

A

bind to the antigen

55
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

To mark it so the body knows to destroy it with its
________

A

nonspecific defenses

56
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

Attracts _______ to the area that will engulf and destroy the antigen

A

phagocytes

57
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

Coats the ______, making it easier to phagocytize.

A

antigen

58
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

Binds the antigens, causing them to clump together –
this will cause them to _______

A

fall out of solution.

59
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen

Neutralize ______ and ________

A

toxins and viruses.

60
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen

Activate the _______ which cause the bacteria to lyse open.

A

complement proteins

61
Q

T cells are important players in _____ immunity

A

cell-mediated immunity.

62
Q

There are two types of T cells

A

 Helper (CD4) T cells

 Killer (cytotoxic) T cells

63
Q

Macrophages can also be ________ which pick up antigens (foreign material) and they bring them to the lymph nodes and the spleen.

A

antigen presenting cells (APCs)

64
Q

The _______ and _______ store huge numbers of immune system cells.

A

lymph nodes and spleen

65
Q

What does it mean when a helper T cell is activated?

A

it starts to make copies or clones of itself.

66
Q

The helper T cells activate _______ to also start making clones

A

cytotoxic T cells

67
Q

How does a helper T cell become activated?

A

When a helper T cell meets a APC cell with the correct antigen

68
Q

The helper T cells activate ______-

A

B cells

69
Q

The _____ T cells kill the cancer cells and infected cells or organ transplant cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

70
Q

These B cells shed their receptors, making
antibodies
1. Memory cells
2. Plasma cells

A
  1. Plasma cells
71
Q

T cells are produced in the

  1. Bone
  2. Thymus
  3. Thyroid
  4. Spleen
A
  1. Bone
72
Q

These cells are important in the antibody mediated response
A. T cells
B. B cells

A

B. B cells

73
Q 
B cells mature in the :
A. bone
B. Thymus
C. Thyroid
D. Spleen
A

A. bone

74
Q 
Where are T cells produced:
A. Bone
B. thymus
C. Thyroid
D. Spleen
A

A. Bone

75
Q

Immune system cells examples:

A 
A. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes/Macrophages
C. Basophils and mast cells
D. Eosinophils
E. Natural killer cells
76
Q

When the body is injured or damaged then the body mounts an ________

A

inflammatory response.

77
Q

Mast cells in the tissue release _______

A

histamines.

78
Q

Histamines cause:

A

blood vessels to dilate and make the vessels more permeable

79
Q

Increased blood flow causes increased _________

A

temperature and redness.

80
Q

In an inflammatory response, The blood vessels are more _____ so the defense cells, fluid and proteins can pass out of the vessels to the site of injury.

A

permeable

81
Q

Platelets Function:

A

aid in blood clotting

82
Q

White Blood Cells (WBC) function –

A

fight infection

83
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBC) function:

A

carry oxygen

84
Q

Stem cells ________

A

give rise to all the formed elements

85
Q

Stem cells are located in the _________

A

red bone marrow

86
Q

Platelets, WBCs, and RBCs are examples of ______ elements

A

formed

87
Q

Platelets are also called ________

A

thrombocytes

88
Q

Platelets are fragments of larger precursor cells called _______

A

megakaryocytes

89
Q

Platelets Function:

A

Essential to blood clotting

90
Q 
In the inflammatory response, these cells in the tissue release histamines
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. Mast cells
D. Basophils
E. Eosinophil
F. Neutrophil
G. Erythrocyte
H. Monocyte
I. Lymphocyte
A

C. Mast cells

91
Q

Histamines have this effect on blood vessels:
A. Dilate
B. constrict

A

A. Dilate

92
Q

Histamines have this effect on blood vessels:
they cause them to be more or less leaky
(permeable)
A. More
B. Less

A

A. More

93
Q

Platelets play a role in _______

A

blood clotting

94
Q

White blood cells (WBCs) – also called _________

A

leukocytes

95
Q

White blood cells (WBCs) Functions:

A

 Help defend the body against disease
 Remove wastes, toxins, and damaged and
abnormal cells

96
Q

Some white blood cells, squeeze through pores in the capillary
wall therefore are also found in ____ fluid and in______

A

tissue, lymphatic system

97
Q

Neutrophils are the ______

A

Most abundant

98
Q

Which type of white blood cell is the first to respond to an infection:

A

Neutrophil

99
Q

Phagocytes function:

A

engulf microbes (bacteria).

100
Q

Eosinophils Defend against ________

A

parasitic worms

101
Q

Eosinophils Lessen the severity of ________ and _______

A

allergies and asthma

102
Q

Basophils Release ________

A

histamine

103
Q

Histamine is a a chemical that __________

A

attracts other white blood cells

104
Q

Histamine Causes the blood vessels to _____ and become more _____

A

dilate, permeable

105
Q

Basophils Also play a role in some _________

A

allergic reactions

106
Q

Mast cells are similar to basophils but are found in ______

A

tissues

107
Q

Monocytes is the ______ of the formed elements

A

largest

108
Q

Monocytes develop into _______

A

macrophages

109
Q

macrophages are:

A

Phagocytic cells that engulf invading

microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris

110
Q

Three types of Lymphocytes :

A
  1. B-cells protect us by producing antibodies
  2. T-cells destroy any cell that is foreign
  3. Natural Killer cells attack virus infected cells
    and tumor cells
111
Q

These WBCs release histamines

  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Lymphocytes
A
  1. Basophils
112
Q

These WBCs fight parasite infections

  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Lymphocytes
A
  1. Eosinophils
113
Q

The largest WBCs are

  1. Lymphocyte
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Monocytes
  4. Neutrophils
A
  1. Monocytes
114
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called ______

A

erythrocytes

115
Q

RBCs are the _______ of the formed elements

A

Most numerous

116
Q

RBCs transport ________ to the rest of the cells

A

oxygen

117
Q

RBC’s carry about _____ of the total carbon dioxide

A

23%

118
Q

RBCs are shaped like ________ and are very flexible

A

biconcave disks

119
Q

Mature RBCs have no ______

A

nucleus

120
Q

RBCs contain _____-

A

Hemoglobin

121
Q

Hemoglobin is a protein that binds to _____, making oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen

122
Q

When the body detects a low level of oxygen, the kidneys produce a hormone called _____

A

erythropoietin

123
Q

The kidneys release erythropoietin when:

A

body detects a low level of oxygen

124
Q

Erythropoietin is a hormone that ________

A

speeds up maturation of stem cells that are in the process of becoming RBC.

125
Q

The target of erythropoietin is ________

A

the bone marrow, where red blood cells are formed

126
Q

What hormone increases production of RBC

  1. Renin
  2. Erythropoietin
  3. Leptin
  4. RBCH
A
  1. Erythropoietin
127
Q

Which of the following produces erythropoietin

  1. Bone marrow
  2. Kidneys
  3. Anterior Pituitary
  4. Hypothalamus
A
128
Q

An object that is perceived as foreign and elicits an immune response is a(n)
A. Pathogen
B. Antibody
C. Antigen

A

C. Antigen

129
Q

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

A. B cells
B. neutrophils
C Natural Killer Cells
D T cells

A

A. B cells

Bio Exam 3 (3 decks)

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