Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Exam 3 > Immune System and Blood > Flashcards

Immune System and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Immune System

A

 Defend the body against foreign invaders.
 Must be able to discriminate between the
body’s own cells and tissues versus
foreign material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An Antigen is :

A

any object or substance that is
perceived as foreign and therefore elicits
an immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antibodies are:

A

proteins produced by B cells in response to an antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A Pathogen is:

A

microorganisms and parasites that cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples Barrier Defenses:

A
  1. Skin
  2. Tears and saliva have lysozyme
  3. The respiratory tract has cilia and mucus
  4. The stomach acids
  5. Beneficial bacteria
  6. Acidic urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The _______ is an excellent barrier keeping

many things out of the body

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____ and ______ have lysozymes which are enzymes that can kill bacteria.

A

Tears and saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The respiratory tract has _____ and _____ that help to transport foreign
things out of the respiratory system

A

cilia and mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The_______ has acids that help kill bacteria

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Beneficial bacteria in the _____ and ______ out compete harmful
bacteria

A

large intestine and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acidic urine kills bacteria and washes bacteria from the _____

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the following is not a barrier defense?

  1. Skin
  2. Tears
  3. Antibodies
  4. Stomach acid
A
  1. Antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two Types of Immune Defense:

A

Nonspecific defenses

Specific defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nonspecific defenses are:

A

Parts of the immune system that attack
any antigen (cell or object it identifies as
foreign)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Specific defenses are:

A

Other immune cells will only respond to

one particular antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which defense leads to acquired immunity:

A

Specific defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

acquired immunity definition:

A

a long lasting protection from that particular antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Non Specific Defenses examples:

A
  1. Immune system cells
  2. Inflammatory response
  3. Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If our body comes in contact with an antigen,

it “remembers” that antigen so the next time __________

A

it comes in contact with it, the body can quickly

mount a defense.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

To defend against foreign invaders, the body needs to ________

A

identify its own cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All the cells in your body have proteins in their plasma membrane that ______

A

identify it as part of you body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The proteins in the plasma membrane that identify it as part of your
body are called : _______

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Your MHC markers are ______

A

unique to you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the specific defenses there are two ways

we fight invaders what are they:

A

Antibody-mediated immunity , Cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

B cells are examples of :

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T cells are examples of :

A

Cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

There are two types of specific defense

lymphocytes they are:

A

 B Cells - specific defense

 T Cells - specific defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T cells are produced in the _____

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T-cells travel to the ______ where they develop into mature T Cells.

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

T cells are important in the ________ of our acquired immunity.

A

cell-mediated part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

B cells are produced in the ______-

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

The bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

B cells are important in _______-

A

antibody-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Both mature B cells and T cells will go to the

______ and ______

A

lymphatic system and the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

  1. Spleen
  2. Thymus
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Bone
A
  1. Bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q 
An object that is perceived as foreign and 
illicits an immune response.
1. Pathogen
2. Antigen
3. Antibody
A
  1. Antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Antibodies are :

A

proteins that circulate through
the body and bind onto a particular antigen
(foreign object)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Antibodies start out as ______ on the
surface of _____. The antibody is specific –
it only bind with one type of antigen.

A

receptors , B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Antibodies are released from _____ and circulate throughout the body.

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What process produces RNA?
A. Replication
B. Translation
C. transcription

A

C. transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

An antibody is specific to a particular _________

A

antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The B cells have DNA sequences that are constantly being ______ to create new B cells with new types of receptors.

A

“shuffled”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

DNA is transcribed to make ______

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

mRNA is translated to make _______

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

each B cell only have _____ type of receptor.

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When a B cell receptor comes into contact with the antigen it is specific for, the B cell starts to ___________

A

make identical copies of itself through mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The copies B cells start to make are called clones also known as ______

A

clonal selection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Some of these B cells will shed their receptors called:

A

Plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Other B cells will keep their receptors, and will remain in the body, ready to defend against the antigen in the future these are called:

A

Memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

B cells are produced in the _______ and _______ in the bone marrow

A

bone marrow, mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

B cells have receptors in the _______

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

B cells that shed their receptors are ________

A

plasma B cells

53
Q

B cells that keep their receptors and remain in the blood are ______

A

memory B cells

54
Q

The antibodies that are free floating in your body will _____ to the ______

A

bind to the antigen

55
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

To mark it so the body knows to destroy it with its
________

A

nonspecific defenses

56
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

Attracts _______ to the area that will engulf and destroy the antigen

A

phagocytes

57
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

Coats the ______, making it easier to phagocytize.

58
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen:

Binds the antigens, causing them to clump together –
this will cause them to _______

A

fall out of solution.

59
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen

Neutralize ______ and ________

A

toxins and viruses.

60
Q

Effects of Antibodies Binding to Antigen

Activate the _______ which cause the bacteria to lyse open.

A

complement proteins

61
Q

T cells are important players in _____ immunity

A

cell-mediated immunity.

62
Q

There are two types of T cells

A

 Helper (CD4) T cells

 Killer (cytotoxic) T cells

63
Q

Macrophages can also be ________ which pick up antigens (foreign material) and they bring them to the lymph nodes and the spleen.

A

antigen presenting cells (APCs)

64
Q

The _______ and _______ store huge numbers of immune system cells.

A

lymph nodes and spleen

65
Q

What does it mean when a helper T cell is activated?

A

it starts to make copies or clones of itself.

66
Q

The helper T cells activate _______ to also start making clones

A

cytotoxic T cells

67
Q

How does a helper T cell become activated?

A

When a helper T cell meets a APC cell with the correct antigen

68
Q

The helper T cells activate ______-

69
Q

The _____ T cells kill the cancer cells and infected cells or organ transplant cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

70
Q

These B cells shed their receptors, making
antibodies
1. Memory cells
2. Plasma cells

A
  1. Plasma cells
71
Q

T cells are produced in the

  1. Bone
  2. Thymus
  3. Thyroid
  4. Spleen
72
Q

These cells are important in the antibody mediated response
A. T cells
B. B cells

A

B. B cells

73
Q 
B cells mature in the :
A. bone
B. Thymus
C. Thyroid
D. Spleen
74
Q 
Where are T cells produced:
A. Bone
B. thymus
C. Thyroid
D. Spleen
75
Q

Immune system cells examples:

A 
A. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes/Macrophages
C. Basophils and mast cells
D. Eosinophils
E. Natural killer cells
76
Q

When the body is injured or damaged then the body mounts an ________

A

inflammatory response.

77
Q

Mast cells in the tissue release _______

A

histamines.

78
Q

Histamines cause:

A

blood vessels to dilate and make the vessels more permeable

79
Q

Increased blood flow causes increased _________

A

temperature and redness.

80
Q

In an inflammatory response, The blood vessels are more _____ so the defense cells, fluid and proteins can pass out of the vessels to the site of injury.

81
Q

Platelets Function:

A

aid in blood clotting

82
Q

White Blood Cells (WBC) function –

A

fight infection

83
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBC) function:

A

carry oxygen

84
Q

Stem cells ________

A

give rise to all the formed elements

85
Q

Stem cells are located in the _________

A

red bone marrow

86
Q

Platelets, WBCs, and RBCs are examples of ______ elements

87
Q

Platelets are also called ________

A

thrombocytes

88
Q

Platelets are fragments of larger precursor cells called _______

A

megakaryocytes

89
Q

Platelets Function:

A

Essential to blood clotting

90
Q 
In the inflammatory response, these cells in the tissue release histamines
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. Mast cells
D. Basophils
E. Eosinophil
F. Neutrophil
G. Erythrocyte
H. Monocyte
I. Lymphocyte
A

C. Mast cells

91
Q

Histamines have this effect on blood vessels:
A. Dilate
B. constrict

92
Q

Histamines have this effect on blood vessels:
they cause them to be more or less leaky
(permeable)
A. More
B. Less

93
Q

Platelets play a role in _______

A

blood clotting

94
Q

White blood cells (WBCs) – also called _________

A

leukocytes

95
Q

White blood cells (WBCs) Functions:

A

 Help defend the body against disease
 Remove wastes, toxins, and damaged and
abnormal cells

96
Q

Some white blood cells, squeeze through pores in the capillary
wall therefore are also found in ____ fluid and in______

A

tissue, lymphatic system

97
Q

Neutrophils are the ______

A

Most abundant

98
Q

Which type of white blood cell is the first to respond to an infection:

A

Neutrophil

99
Q

Phagocytes function:

A

engulf microbes (bacteria).

100
Q

Eosinophils Defend against ________

A

parasitic worms

101
Q

Eosinophils Lessen the severity of ________ and _______

A

allergies and asthma

102
Q

Basophils Release ________

103
Q

Histamine is a a chemical that __________

A

attracts other white blood cells

104
Q

Histamine Causes the blood vessels to _____ and become more _____

A

dilate, permeable

105
Q

Basophils Also play a role in some _________

A

allergic reactions

106
Q

Mast cells are similar to basophils but are found in ______

107
Q

Monocytes is the ______ of the formed elements

108
Q

Monocytes develop into _______

A

macrophages

109
Q

macrophages are:

A

Phagocytic cells that engulf invading

microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris

110
Q

Three types of Lymphocytes :

A
  1. B-cells protect us by producing antibodies
  2. T-cells destroy any cell that is foreign
  3. Natural Killer cells attack virus infected cells
    and tumor cells
111
Q

These WBCs release histamines

  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Lymphocytes
112
Q

These WBCs fight parasite infections

  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Lymphocytes
A
  1. Eosinophils
113
Q

The largest WBCs are

  1. Lymphocyte
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Monocytes
  4. Neutrophils
114
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called ______

A

erythrocytes

115
Q

RBCs are the _______ of the formed elements

A

Most numerous

116
Q

RBCs transport ________ to the rest of the cells

117
Q

RBC’s carry about _____ of the total carbon dioxide

118
Q

RBCs are shaped like ________ and are very flexible

A

biconcave disks

119
Q

Mature RBCs have no ______

120
Q

RBCs contain _____-

A

Hemoglobin

121
Q

Hemoglobin is a protein that binds to _____, making oxyhemoglobin

122
Q

When the body detects a low level of oxygen, the kidneys produce a hormone called _____

A

erythropoietin

123
Q

The kidneys release erythropoietin when:

A

body detects a low level of oxygen

124
Q

Erythropoietin is a hormone that ________

A

speeds up maturation of stem cells that are in the process of becoming RBC.

125
Q

The target of erythropoietin is ________

A

the bone marrow, where red blood cells are formed

126
Q

What hormone increases production of RBC

  1. Renin
  2. Erythropoietin
  3. Leptin
  4. RBCH
A
  1. Erythropoietin
127
Q

Which of the following produces erythropoietin

  1. Bone marrow
  2. Kidneys
  3. Anterior Pituitary
  4. Hypothalamus
128
Q

An object that is perceived as foreign and elicits an immune response is a(n)
A. Pathogen
B. Antibody
C. Antigen

A

C. Antigen

129
Q

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

A. B cells
B. neutrophils
C Natural Killer Cells
D T cells

A

A. B cells

Bio Exam 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions