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Bio Exam 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine System?

A

The function of the endocrine system is to work with the nervous system to regulate and control other systems and maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

The endocrine system functions by

releasing _____ which travel through the body (usually using the bloodstream) to _______

A

hormones, target cells

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3
Q

Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from

  1. Muscle
  2. Connective
  3. Epithelial tissue
  4. Nervous
A
  1. Epithelial tissue
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4
Q

Target cells have receptors that _____ the hormones.

A

bind

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5
Q

_______ cells do not have these
receptor and are _______ by the
hormone

A

Non-target, unaffected

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6
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers that
are secreted by one cell and travels to
another cell and affects other only the
target cells that have the correct receptor

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7
Q

True or False:
Endocrine system and the nervous
system both are controlled by negative feedback

A

True

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8
Q

Where is a neurotransmitter located?

A

Localized to nerve synapse

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9
Q

Where is a hormone located?

A

Distribute throughout body in blood stream

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10
Q

How long does it take for a neuotrasnmitter to act?

A

Quick acting

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11
Q

How long does it take for a hormone to act?

A

Slow to act

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12
Q

How long does a neurotransmitter last?

A

Taken away quickly

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13
Q

How long does a hormone last?

A

Remains longer in body

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14
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A
  1. Water Soluble (Hydrophilic)

2. Lipid Soluble (Hydrophobic)

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15
Q

Epinephrine is an example of :

A

single amino acid

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16
Q

Human Growth Hormone is an example of what kind of amino acid Hormone?

A

Polypeptides (a chain of amino acids)

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17
Q

Are Amino Acids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?

  1. Hydrophilic
  2. Hydrophobic
A
  1. Hydrophilic
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18
Q

Can an amino acid freely cross the plasma membrane?

  1. Yes
  2. No
A
  1. No
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19
Q

Amino acids and polypeptides are examples

of ________

A

water soluble hormones

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20
Q

_______ glands release epinephrine into the

blood stream, travels throughout the body

A

Adrenal

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21
Q

Adrenal glands release __________

A

blood stream, travels throughout the body

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22
Q

Water soluble hormones bind ____________

A

to a receptor on the surface of the target cells

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23
Q

The binding of the hormone epinephrine to the

receptor triggers the formation of a _________

A

a secondary messenger (ex: cAMP).

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24
Q

The secondary messenger triggers a cascade of events ending in ________

A

cellular activity (ex: the breakdown of glycogen to glucose)

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25
Q

In water soluble hormones the receptor is on

A

The receptor is on the plasma membrane.

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26
Q 
What type of molecule is a steroid?
1. Sugars
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Complex 
Carbohydrates
A
  1. Lipids
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27
Q

Are Steroids Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?

  1. Hydrophilic
  2. Hydrophobic
A
  1. Hydrophobic
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28
Q

Can steroids freely cross the plasma membrane?

  1. Yes
  2. No
A
  1. Yes
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29
Q

When DNA is copied to make mRNA this is:

  1. Translation
  2. Transcription
A
  1. Transcription
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30
Q

What is the product of translation?

  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. Protein/polypeptide
  4. Nucleotides
A
  1. Protein/polypeptide
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31
Q

Can Lipid soluble hormones freely pass through the plasma

membrane?

A

Yes

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32
Q

In Lipid Soluble Cells:

______ the cell, the hormone binds with a receptor.

A

Inside

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33
Q

In Lipid soluble hormones:
The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
in the nucleus and activates the _______
of DNA to make_______

A

transcription, mRNA.

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34
Q

In Lipid soluble hormones:

The mRNA leaves the nucleus, binds to a _____ and is translated to make ______

A

ribosome, proteins

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35
Q

Note that the lipid soluble hormones will take
_______ (longer/shorter) to act than the water soluble hormones
since they cause DNA transcription and
translation to make a protein.

A

longer

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36
Q

remember that water soluble hormones do
not enter the target cell, they work through
___________ whereas lipid soluble
hormones enter the cell.

A

secondary messengers,

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37
Q

Do water soluble hormones enter the target cell?

A

No

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38
Q 
Would you expect the receptor for a steroid 
to be inside the cell or in the plasma 
membrane?
A. Inside
B. Plasma 
membrane
A

A. Inside

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39
Q

A steroid hormone would likely result in:
A. Cell activity like glycogen breakdown
B. Protein production

A

B. Protein production

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40
Q

Hypothalamus — regulates the internal

environment through the ________

A

autonomic nervous system.

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41
Q

Which endocrine gland/organ: Helps control heartbeat.

Helps control body temperature. Helps control water balance.

A

Hypothalamus

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42
Q

Hypothalamus - Controls glandular

secretions of the _______

A

pituitary gland

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43
Q

What hormones does the Hypothalamus Produce?

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin
  3. Hormones that control the pituitary
    (Hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-
    inhibiting Hormones)
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44
Q

Will A Diuretic Make Your Urine _____?

  1. More dilute
  2. More concentrated
A
  1. More dilute
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45
Q

An Antidiuretic Will Make Your Urine:

  1. More dilute
  2. More concentrated
A
  1. More concentrated
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46
Q

An Antidiuretic Will cause your kidneys to:

  1. Reabsorb water
  2. Excrete water
A
  1. Reabsorb water
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47
Q

What will an antidiuretic do to your BP?
A. Increase
B. decrease

A

A. Increase

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48
Q

The _________ produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

A

hypothalamus

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49
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are
_______ and _______ the posterior lobe
of the pituitary gland.

A

stored in , released from

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50
Q 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are 
stored in and released from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

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51
Q

Function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

regulates water reabsorption
in the kidneys (H2O is returned to the
bloodstream).

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52
Q

What is the target for ADH?

A

Kidneys

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53
Q 
Which of these hormones is produced by the 
hypothalamus?
A. Thyroid-stimulating 
hormone (TSH)
B. Adrenocorticotropic 
hormone (ACTH)
C. Gonadotropic 
hormones – (FSH and 
LH)
D. Oxytocin
E. Prolactin (PRL)
F. Growth hormone
A

D. Oxytocin

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54
Q

Oxytocin Function:

A

stimulates uterine contraction
during childbirth and milk release (ejecting
milk from the glands).

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55
Q

Oxytocin target:

A

Uterus and mammary glands

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56
Q

Synthetic form or OT, given to induce labor is called:

A

Pitocin

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57
Q

The hypothalamus controls the _______

A

anterior pituitary

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58
Q

hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones travel a short distance in the blood stream to the ________

A

anterior pituitary gland.

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59
Q

________ hormone and ________ hormones control when the anterior pituitary gland releases its hormones

A

hypothalamic-releasing, hypothalamic-inhibiting

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60
Q

The anterior pituitary gland produces:

A
  1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. Gonadotropic hormones – (FSH and LH)
  4. Prolactin (PRL)
  5. Growth hormone (GH)
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61
Q

There are two sections of the pituitary gland: _______

A

anterior and posterior.

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62
Q

The posterior pituitary gland receives _____
and _______ from the hypothalamus,
stores these hormones and releases them.

A

ADH, oxytocin

63
Q

The anterior pituitary gland releases the hormones it has produced
after receiving hormones from the ______

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Function:

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

65
Q

TSH is produced by the _______

A

Anterior Pituitary

66
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Target:

A

Thyroid gland

67
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function:

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

68
Q

ACTH is produced by the _______

A

Anterior Pituitary

69
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Target:

A

adrenal cortex

70
Q

Gonadotropic hormones function:

A

stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and hormones.

71
Q

The 2 types of Gonadotropic hormones are:

A 
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing  Hormone (LH)
72
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) function –

A

stimulates gamete development in males

and females

73
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) function–

A

stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males

74
Q

Prolactin (PRL) Function:

A

causes mammary glands to

develop and produce milk.

75
Q

PRL is produced by the _______

A

Anterior Pituitary

76
Q

Prolactin (PRL) Target:

A

Mammary glands

77
Q

Growth hormone (GH) Function:

A

promotes skeletal and muscular growth.

78
Q

Growth hormone (GH) Target:

A

Bones, muscles, and cartilage

79
Q

GH is produced by the _______

A

Anterior Pituitary

80
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates water reabsorption by the
kidneys (reducing the amount of urine produced)?
1. insulin
2. thyroxin
3. ADH
4. calcitonin

81
Q 
What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce 
cortisol
1. insulin
2. thyroxin
3. ADH
4. ACTH
82
Q

Which gland produces oxytocin

  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Posterior Pituitary
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Adrenal Cortex
A
  1. Hypothalamus
83
Q

Which gland produces prolactin

  1. Anterior Pituitary
  2. Posterior Pituitary
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Adrenal Cortex
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary
84
Q

Which hormone causes the mammary glands
to produce milk
A. Oxytocin (OXY)
B. Prolactin (PRL)

A

B. Prolactin (PRL)

85
Q

Which hormone causes the gonads to
produce reproductive hormones?
A. FSH
B. LH

86
Q

Thyroid gland - large gland located below the _____

87
Q

Thyroid gland requires _______ to make hormones

88
Q

Thyroid Gland Produces:

A

Thyroid Hormones:
Example: Thyroxine
Calcitonin – calcium regulation

89
Q

Which hormone would you give to a person
with osteoporosis?
A. PTH
B. Calcitonin

A

B. Calcitonin

90
Q

Calcitonin lowers or raises the blood’s calcium level?

  1. Lowers
  2. Raises
91
Q

The hormone calcitonin - regulates ___________

A

calcium levels in bone and blood.

92
Q

calcitonin ______ the blood calcium level by
depositing calcium into the bone and
signaling the kidneys to release more
calcium into the urine.

93
Q

calcitonin lowers the blood calcium level by:

A

depositing calcium into the bone and signaling the kidneys to release more calcium into the urine.

94
Q

calcitonin Target: ______

A

bone and kidneys

95
Q

The thyroid hormone thyroxine function:

A

regulates metabolism by stimulating protein synthesis, the breakdown of
lipids, and the use of glucose for the production of ATP

96
Q

Thyroid Gland – Thyroxine target:

A

most cells in the body

97
Q

What is the target of thyroxine?

  1. Bone
  2. Muscle
  3. Kidneys
  4. Most cells in the body
A
  1. Most cells in the body
98
Q

Calcitonin is produced by the

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Ant pit
  5. Post pit
99
Q

Parathyroid Gland Produces ________

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

100
Q

PTH increases blood calcium levels by:

A 
 Removing calcium from the bone
 Increasing calcium absorption from 
intestines
 Decreasing the calcium excreted from the 
kidneys
101
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) Target:

A

bone, kidney, intestine

102
Q

ACTH is produced by the

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Ant pit
  5. Post pit
  6. Adrenal cortex
A
  1. Anterior pituitary
103
Q

Adrenal glands location:

A

sit on top of the kidneys.

104
Q

There are two parts of the adrenal glands what are they:

A

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

105
Q

The adrenal glands is controlled by both _______

A

nerves and hormones

106
Q

Adrenal medulla is controlled by _________

A

nerves from the hypothalamus

107
Q

Adrenal cortex is controlled by __________

A

ACTH (a hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

108
Q

Epinepherine is a hormone secreted by the ________

A

adrenal medulla

109
Q

Epinephrine - prepares the body for ________

A

quick action. “fight or flight” / short-term response to stress.

110
Q

Epinepherine Effects: ________

A

Increases blood pressure, increases heart rate, increases blood glucose levels

111
Q

Two types of hormone secreted by adrenal

cortex:

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids ex: aldosterone

2. Glucocorticoids ex: cortisol

112
Q

What is an example of a Mineralocorticoids?

A

aldosterone

113
Q

Mineralocorticoids Function:

A

Promotes reabsorption of water by the
kidneys, reducing the amount of water
released in urine.
Increases blood pressure.

114
Q

Mineralocorticoids Target?

115
Q

An example of Glucocorticoids is?

116
Q

Glucocorticoids function:

A 
Affect glucose homeostasis
Act on the liver to promote the conversion 
of fat and protein into intermediate 
substances available to the body’s cells
Inhibit the inflammatory response
Aids in allowing us to survive stress
117
Q 
What effect does the presence of epinephrine have 
on blood pressure?
1. increases 
2. decreases 
3. has no effect
118
Q

What produces epinephrine?

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Ant pit
  3. Post pit
  4. Adrenal cortex
  5. Adrenal medulla
A
  1. Adrenal medulla
119
Q

Which of the following affects the adrenal cortex?

  1. ACTH
  2. TSH
  3. FSH
  4. Nerves
120
Q

Which of the following affects the adrenal medulla?

  1. ACTH
  2. TSH
  3. ADH
  4. Nerves
  5. OXY
121
Q

The complex carbohydrate stored in humans is:

  1. Cellulose
  2. Starch
  3. Glycogen
  4. Triglycerides
122
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the body:

  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Muscle
  3. Liver
  4. 2 and 3
123
Q

Which of the following glands secretes cortisol?

  1. pituitary
  2. pancreas
  3. adrenal medulla
  4. adrenal cortex
A
  1. adrenal cortex
124
Q

Where are the hormones secreted from in pancreas gland hormones

A

Secreted from the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)

125
Q

Pancreas Gland Hormones Regulate blood glucose levels through
two hormones: ______ and ______

A
  1. glucagon

2. insulin

126
Q

Glucagon functions:

A

raises blood glucose levels of the blood.

127
Q

Glucagon Target and effects:

A

Liver – stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to

glucose, and to form glucose from lactic acid

128
Q

Insulin Function:

A

lowers blood glucose levels of the blood.

129
Q

Insulin Target and Effects

A

 Stimulates transport of glucose into muscle
cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue
cells.
 Liver: Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to
glucose
 Prevents conversion of amino and fatty acids
into glucose
 Adipose tissue: stimulates formation of
triglycerides from glucose

130
Q

Insulin stimulates transport of glucose into ______, ________, and ________.

A

muscle cells, white blood cells, and connective tissue

cells.

131
Q

Adipose tissue: stimulates formation of _____ from glucose

A

triglycerides

132
Q

Glucagon _______ the blood glucose levels

  1. Lowers
  2. Raises
133
Q 
FSH and LH are produced by the:
A. Hypothalamus
B. Ant pituitary
C. Pos pituitary
D. Gonads (testes 
and ovaries)
A

B. Ant pituitary

134
Q

Gonads – ovaries and testes are controlled by the _____ and the ______

A

hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

135
Q

Testes produce ________

A

testosterone.

136
Q

Ovaries produce ________

A

estrogen and progesterone

137
Q

Effects of Testosterone

A

 During development, testosterone is stimulates
growth of male reproductive organs
 Responsible for male secondary sex
characteristics.
 Prompts larynx & vocal cords to enlarge.
 Responsible for muscular strength of males.
 Promotes sperm production

138
Q

Gonads - Estrogen and progesterone effects:

A

 During development, stimulates growth of female
reproductive organs
 Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
 Necessary for egg maturation.
 Regulates ovarian and uterine cycles.

139
Q

Location of Pineal Gland:

140
Q

Pineal gland secretes the hormone:

141
Q

Function of melatonin:

A 
Involved in our daily sleep-wake 
cycle. (circadian rhythms)
Regulates sexual development. 
May play a role SAD – seasonal affect 
disorder
142
Q

What hormones are released by the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

Renin

143
Q

Erythropoietin function:

A

stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

144
Q

Renin Function:

A

through a series of reactions, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone which increase blood pressure.

145
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by:

A

Adr. Cortex

146
Q

Aldosterone target is:

147
Q

Aldosterone Function is:

A

Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidneys, increasing blood pressure

148
Q

Cortisol is produced/released from:

A

Adrenal Cortex

149
Q

Cortisol Target:

A

Muscle, adipose tissue, immune system

150
Q

Cortisol Function:

A

influences carbohydrate, protein, & fat metabolism, suppress the immune system

151
Q

Growth hormone is released/produced by:

A

Ant. Pituitary

152
Q

Growth hormone target:

A

Bones, muscle, cartilage

153
Q

Growth Hormone Function:

A

promotes skeletal and muscular growth

154
Q

A steroid hormone would likely result in which of the following:
A. Cell activity like glycogen breakdown
B. Protein production

A

B. Protein production

Bio Exam 3 (3 decks)

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