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3152 finals > immune system (anat) > Flashcards

immune system (anat) Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphoid system contains:

A

cells, tissue and organs involved in defense of body against invasion by bact, viruses and other foreign bodies

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2
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

reticular connective tissue filled with numerous lymphocytes:

primary vs secondary
diffuse vs dense

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3
Q

diffuse vs dense

A

Diffuse (lamina propria - GIT/ RESP) vs Dense (mucosa - discrete encapsulated organs)

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4
Q

Primary vs secondary

A
  • 1* lymphoid tissue: lymphoid cells are produced
    ○ Thymus
    ○ Bone marrow
  • 2* lymphoid tissue: lymphoid cells fight, reside
    ○ Lymph nodes
    ○ Spleen
    ○ Tonsils
    ○ Lymphoid aggregates in certain organs
    ○ Scattered lymphocytes in connective tissue
    ○ Lymphocytes in blood and lymph
    ○ Other cells: in lymph node (plasma, APC, langerhans, dendritic)
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5
Q

Immune system process

A

1) Foreign body invade body
a. Bypass physical barrier (acid, mucosa, sweat, tears)
b. Intact skin, mucous mem (lines luminal surface of cavities) Protect from pathogens

2) Inflammatory response occurs – Innate immune defense

3) Antigen destroyed by neutrophils, macrophages
a. Degrade antigen
b. Present antigen to lymph (MHC II)
c. Elicit ADAPTIVE specific immune response

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6
Q

innate vs adaptive

A

innate (non-specific, granulocytes/ leucocytes, early resp)

adaptive (specific, T/B Lymph/APC/Memory, gradual resp)

  • cellular & humoral Ab types
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7
Q

physical barriers (skin and mucous mem)

A

intact skin and mucous mem provide protection from pathogens

  • luminal surface of cavities lined with mucous mem
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8
Q

innate

  • Non specific
  • Granulocytes/ leucocytes
  • Early response
A

Cell mediated: macro, dendritic
Humoral: cytokines

Mast cell
Histamine released (Vasodilation, Permeability)
Phagocytes chemotaxis

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9
Q

Mast cells

A

1) Impt role responding to certain bact, parasites
2) Control other types of immune responses

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10
Q

APC

A

Process, present exogenous antigen

1. Phagocytosis of antigen
2. Digest antigen to peptide fragments
3. Peptide frag bind to MHC class II
4. Exocytosis 
5. APC presents processed antigen to T lymph 
	a. Activated T cell to memory/ cytotoxic 
	b. Cytokines activate B cell --> plasma (release Ab)
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11
Q

adaptive

  • Specific for microbes
  • T/B lymph
  • APC (from monocyte)
  • Memory lymph

Gradual, slow response

A

Occur in specialised tissues and organs (Lymph nodes, spleen)

By several types of cells acting synergistically

1) Cell mediated: cytotoxic T cells
2) Humoral: Ab response (B lymph –> plasma cells)

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12
Q

adaptive cells involved

A

B cells (Ab)
T cells *helper, cytotoxic, suppressor)
NK cells (LARGE GRANULAR LYMPH)

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13
Q

Lymph and lymphatic vessels

A

1) Part of fluid from circulating blood in cap passes into surrounding tissues as tissue fluid

2) MOST: Fluid re-enters cap

3) SOME: Fluid return to circ –> separate system of vessels/ LYMPHATIC VESSELS

Fluid = lymph

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14
Q

Lymph nodes along the lymphatic vessels (bean-shaped structure)

A

○ Lymph from any part of body passes through 1 or more lymph nodes before entering blood stream

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15
Q

important lymph ducts

A

The right lymphatic duct is an important lymphatic vessel that drains the right upper quadrant of the body

he function of the thoracic duct is to transport lymph back into the circulatory system (VENOUS SYSTEM)

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16
Q

spleen

A

□ it fights invading germs in the blood (the spleen contains infection-fighting white blood cells)

□ controls the level of blood cells - WBC, RBC
□ filters the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells.

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17
Q

immune cells

-lymph, plasma cells, APC eg??

A

Langerhans cells of skin
Dendritic cells
Microglial cells (brain) in CNS
macrophage
B cells

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18
Q

B cell differentiation and maturation

A
  • Differentiate and mature in bone marrow
  • 20-30% of circulating lymph
  • Transform into plasma cells –> Ab (humoral resp)
19
Q

T lymphocytes development

A
  • Differentiate and mature in thymus (proliferate, clonal expansion, mature, degenerate self-reactive)
    ○ Precursor of T lymph leaves bone marrow
  • 60-80% circulating lymph

1) cytotoxic – secretes perforin, lymphotoxins (target cell mem)
2) helper T (cytokine to activate B cell, CD4+)
3) NK cells (similar to cytotoxic T cell)

20
Q

THYMUS location

A

in your upper chest behind your breastbone (sternum).

It sits between your lungs in the mediastinum.

in front of and above your heart

21
Q

thymus with age

A

more fibrofatty infiltration.

Less activated since body will rely more on memory cells

22
Q

structure of thymus

A

Covered by connective tissue capsule

2 lobes, further divided into smaller lobules (each lobule has CORTEX, Medulla)

Trabeculae from this extend into the thymus creating thymic ‘lobules’.

23
Q

thymus lymph supply

A

No afferent lymphatic vessels. Only EFFERENT VESSELS present

The thymus has no afferent lymphatics. The lymph drains to the thymic lymph nodes located near the gland

24
Q

cells in thymus

A

1) Lymphocytes
2) Epithelial reticular cells (thymic epithelial cell)
3) Macrophage
4) Endothelial cells

25
Q

Cortex of thymus (outer)

A
  • Peripheral dark staining region of each lobule
  • Site of T lymph precursor proliferation and blood-thymus barrier

1) Main cell type present is small lymphocytes in cortex

2) Epithelial reticular cells (EC) less numerous than in medulla

  • EC ensheath Cortical Capillaries – Only blood vessels in the cortex
26
Q

medulla of thymus (inner)

A
  • Lighter central region
    • More epithelial reticular cells (EC) > cortex
    • less lymphocytes present than < cortex
  • HASSALL’S CORPUSCLES present in medulla
    • Cluster of EC cells cmg tgt
  • Mature lymphocytes enter circulation in medulla or cortico-medullary junction
    • Populate T dependent areas of other lymphoid organs
  • EC produce thymosin, thymopoietin
    • Promote T cell differentiation and proliferation
27
Q

function of thymus

A
  • T lymph differentiation
  • Selective removal of T cells reactive against self antigens
    • +ve selection in cortex
      ○ Survival of T cells with functional TCR recognise MHC I and II
    • -ve selection in medulla
      ○ Kill T cells that tightly bind self antigens presented by dendritic cells
  • Secrete hormone: thymosin (for more T cells)
28
Q

lymph nodes in thorax, abdomen

A
  • Bean shaped
    • Convex and concave surfaces
  • Hilum at CONCAVE surface
    • Efferent lymphatic vessel out
  • Efferent lymphatic vessel at CONVEX (inside)

capsule and trabeculae – indentation into nodule
cortex, medulla
paracortical zone

29
Q

lymph node cells in cortex (lymph node)

A
  • B lymph
    arranged in lymph nodules with GERMINAL centers
  • other cell types present are
    (plasma, macrophage, dendritic)

(reticular cells - phagocytic in reticuloendothelial system)

30
Q

Medulla (lymph node)

A
  • Consists of medullary cords and sinuses
  • Cords consist of:
    • Lymphocytes (B cells)
    • Plasma cells
    • Reticular cells
    • Dendritic cells
  • Paracorticol zone: lies b. cortical nodules and medulla
  • Consist mainly T lymphocytes
31
Q

hilum of lymph node

A
  • CONCAVE
  • Efferent lymphatic vessel
  • Medullary sinuses (separates medullary cords)
  • Medullar cords (transport lymph)
32
Q

lymph nodes vessels and sinuses

A

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
- afferent
- efferent

SINUSES
- subcapsular
- trabecular (corticol)
- medullary

33
Q

lymph node circulation (what happens to pathogens)

A

1) Lymph enter AFFERENT lymphatics and circulate through lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

2) Foreign sub in lymph trapped by APC in lymph nodes

3) lymph drained from efferent lymphatic vessels

34
Q

2 ways lymphocytes circulation (through lymphatic and blood vessels)

A

1) Lymphocytes in lymphatic fluid enter a lymph node by Afferent lymphatic vessels

2) Lymphocytes in blood enter through walls of postcapillary venules (High endothelial venules in lymph node)

Lymphocytes leave lymph node
- Efferent lymphatic vessels
- Activated lymphocytes

35
Q

Role of lymphocytes

A

1) Lymphocyte patrol body, circulating in BLOOD/ LYMPH/ EXTRAELL fluids, pausing in lymphoid tissues

2) Lymphoid tissues organised to optimise chances of meeting antigen
* Meet potentially reactive lymphocyte
* Facilitate its activation

3) Antigen bind to lymphocyte surface receptor
* Lymphocyte to be activated
* Specific response to antigen triggered

4) Immune response tightly controlled!
* Active – serious infection
* Not react to harmless components of everyday life (food, proteins, normal components in body)

36
Q

spleen

A
  • largest single lymphoid organ serve as immunological filter for blood
  • site destruction of old RBCs
37
Q

spleen components

A
  • Central artery (blood)
  • Trabecular: artery, vein (lymph)
  • Lymph vessels

red and white pulp

38
Q

white pulp

marginal zone
follicle
periarterial lymphatic sheath

A

TISSUE: consists of lymphoid follicles and PALS surround central arteries

  • many T lymph in PAL
  • many B lymp in follicles. developed from germinal center
39
Q

lymphatic nodule of
LYMPH NODE VS SPLEEN

A

lymphatic follicle perforated by arteriole in SPLEEN

40
Q

function of white pulp (infection control)

A
  • APC comes to WBC –> B cells –> Ab
  • pathogens in blood –> follicular B cells
41
Q

red pulp (red blood cell control)

A

1) venous sinus: discontinuous lining of endothelial cells. (wide, irregular lumen)

2) cords (billroth): RBC, MACRO, lymp, plasma cells, reticular fibres

42
Q

function of spleen

A

filter and remove old/ damaged/ abnormal RBC

43
Q

Medical importance of immune system

A
  • transplant
  • immunopharmacology
  • vaccination
  • allergic reactions

3152 finals (9 decks)

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