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3152 finals > endocrine (anat) > Flashcards

endocrine (anat) Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A
  • Communication and regulation in response to: body homeostasis
    ○ Normal physiologic changes in body
    ○ Alterations in external environ
  • Distinct glands or tissues
    ○ Secrete organic compounds
    ○ Chemical messengers (HORMONES)
  • Stimulate/ cause change in metabolic activity in target tissues/ organs
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2
Q

principal endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland
thyroid, parathyroid
pancreas, adrenals

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3
Q

endocrine gland

A

rich blood supply with fenestrated capillaries
secretory cells (cuboidal/ columnar epithelium)

cells arranged in cords/ clusters
supportive framework (connective tissue)

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4
Q

HORMONES

A

○ Biologically active sub released and transported in blood stream
○ Act on target organs/ paracrine/ autocrine

○ 4 major types: affects if binds intracellular or surface
§ PROTEIN, peptide: long/ short chain of aa
§ STEROIDS: lipid cholesterol
§ AMINO derived/ Tyrosine: aa with modified grps
§ FATTY ACID derivative: etc polyunsaturated FA (prostaglandins, leukotriene, thromboxane)

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5
Q

Pituitary gland – MASTER endocrine gland structure

A

Base of brain PITUITARY GLAND + hypothalamus = neuroendocrine unit

  • anterior pituitary (PARS tuberalis, intermedia, distalis)
  • posterior pituitary (neural stalk, pars nervosa)
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6
Q

Pars tuberalis (ant.)

A

○ Undifferentiated cells (Gonadotrophs = FSH, LH)
○ Many cells appear to be Chromophobe cells

    - Some acidophils, basophils also present
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7
Q

Pars intermedia

A

○ Follicles
○ Cystic follicles
○ Melanotrophs = Melanocyte stimulated hormone

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8
Q

Pars distalis

A

○ Sinusoidal capillaries

  • Chromophils: Secretory cells, hormones stored in cytoplasmic granules
    • a-cells (acidophils)
      ○ Somatotrophs = growth hormone
      ○ Mammotrophs = prolactin
    • b-cells (basophils)
      ○ Gonadotrophs = FSH, LH
      ○ Corticotrophs = ACTH, corticotropin
      ○ Thyrotrophs = TSH
  • Chromophobe cells
    ○ Degranulated chromophil cells
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9
Q

Hormones PRODUCED anterior pituitary

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, LH) – gonadotrophs
○ Act on gonads (testes, ovaries)

Prolactin - mammotroph
○ Act on mammary glands, testes

growth hormone - somatotroph
○ Act on all body tissues, bone, muscle, adipose connective tissue

Adrenocorticotropin ACTH - corticotrophs
○ Act on adrenal cortex

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - thyrotrophs
○ Acts on thyroid gland

MSH (melatonin) - melanotrophs
○ Acts on melanocytes in epidermis

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10
Q

Posterior pituitary structure

A

Neural stalk
Pars nervosa
- capillaries
- hypothalamic hormones stored in NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (granules in axons): ADH, oxytocin

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11
Q

pars nervosa

A
  • Axons of neurosecretory cells in supraoptic nucleus (SON) & paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus
    * Extension of hypothalamus
  • Cells:
    * Pituicytes (supporting cells)
    § Ensheath axons
    * Herring bodies (axons)
    § Granules of hormones stored - ADH, oxytocin
  • capillaries (large n.o. present)
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12
Q

hypothalamic hormones in pituitary gland

A

ADH – acts on renal tubules, reduce urine flow (incr water ab for BP)

Oxytocin – uterine contraction during labour, milk expulsion from mammary gland
Social interaction

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13
Q

Blood supply of pituitary gland
internal carotid artery branch

A
  • Primary capillary plexus (superior hypophyseal arteries)
    ○ Stalk & median eminence
  • Hypophyseal portal veins
  • 2nd cap plexus –> Ant pituitary
  • Hypophyseal veins
  • Inferior hypophyseal arteries –> Post pituitary
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14
Q

ANTERIOR pituitary secretion controlled by
1, 2 capillary plexus

A
  • Control by hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system (1* & 2* cap plexus)
    • Blood vessels
    • Additional control: negative feedback
      ○ Plasma levels of hormones secreted by anterior pituitary
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15
Q

POSTERIOR pituitary secretion controlled by

A
  • Control by hypothalamic hypophyseal tract (AXONS)
    • neurons
    • Pars nervosa
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16
Q

Hormone grp of pituitary glands

A

1) Directly acting on non-endocrine tissues
- GH, prolactin, ADH

2) Hormones modulating activity of other endocrine glands
- TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

17
Q

what is not under pituitary control

A

Pancreas, adrenal medulla, parathyroid not under pituitary control

18
Q

disorders related to pituitary gland

A
  • Adenomas of adenohypophysis
  • Incr GH
    • Gigantism in children
    • Acromegaly in adults
  • Cushing disease
    • ACTH
    • Stimulates adrenal glands –> more cortisol
  • Diabetes insipidus
    • Damage neurohypophysis (from head trauma)
    • ADH/ vasopression insufficiency
    • Incr urine production
19
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

Located in ant and inferior to larynx in neck
Butterfly shape gland
- 2 lobes
- connected by isthmus
Capsule: richly supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Develops from foregut endoderm near base of developing tongue

20
Q

thyroid gland cells

A
  • Follicular cells
    ○ Cuboidal –> Tall columnar type
    ○ Active or non-active
  • Colloid contains THYROGLOBULIN (for T3, T4 bind to)
    ○ Under TSH control
  • Parafollicular cells
    ○ Develop from neural crest
    ○ Larger than follicular cells
    ○ LIGHTER STAINS
    ○Secrete calcitonin
21
Q

hormones from thyroid gland

A

follicular cells = T3, T4 (regulate BMR, influence growth, nervous tissue maturation)

parafollicular cells = calcitonin (regulate blood Ca lvl, decr Ca)

22
Q

disorders of thyroid gland

A
  • Overproduction of thyroid hormones
  • Underproduction of thyroid hormones
  • Thyroid nodules
  • Thyroiditis = inflam
  • thyroid neoplasms (tumour)
  • goitre (enlarged thyroid, TSH TSI)
23
Q

parathyroid glands structure

A

4 ovoid masses lying posterior surface of thyroid gland (within capsule)

  • secretes the PTH (raise blood Ca lvl)
24
Q

parathyroid gland cells

A
  • Chief cells
    • Small polygonal cells with round nuclei
    • Pale staining cytoplasm
  • Oxyphil cells
    • Large cells
    • Acidophilic

Older people (degenerated chief cells)

25
Q

Adrenal gland structure

A

Superior of kidneys
Cortex (outer) – has 3 layers
Medulla (inner)

i. Maintain constancy of internal environment of body
ii Make appropriate physiological changes in response to acute stress

26
Q

adrenal cortex cells

developed from mesoderm

A

◊ Steroid secreting cells has acidophilic cytoplasm rich in LIPID DROPLETS w/ central nuclei

◊ Abundant SER & mitochondria that has Enzymes for CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

HORMONES: lipophilic/ steroids
- (not stored in granules)
- diffuse through plasma mem

27
Q

layers of adrenal cortex

A

1) Zona glomerulus (TOP)
- Aldosterone, mineralocorticosteroids
- columnar or pyramidal cells. rounded

2) Zona fasciculata
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- Long cords of large polyhedral cells

3) zona reticularies (BOTTOM)
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/ ANDROGENS, cortisol
- Smaller cells. Irregular cords

28
Q

adrenal medulla cells (inner)

developed from neural crest
fight or flight response

A
  • Large PALE staining polyhedral cells (in cords/ clumps) = CHROMAFFIN CELLS
  • Have electron dense granules containing catecholamines (EP/ NEP)
  • Cells innervated by
    ○ Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
    ○ Trigger release of epinephrine and epinephrine
    § Flight or flight response

these cells are considered Modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons

29
Q

hormones produced by medulla adrenal

A
  1. epinephrine
    a. Incr HR
    b. Dilate bronchioles
    c. Dilate arteries of cardiac & skeletal muscle
    d. Cause glycogenolysis (glycogen –> glucose)
  2. NORepinephrine
    a. Constrict vessels of GIT, skin
    b. Incr blood flow to heart, muscle, brain
    c.Cause glycogenolysis (glycogen –> glucose)
30
Q

adrenal disorders

A

1) Addison’s disease - hypoadrenalism
- Damage to adrenal cortex, adrenal cortical insufficiency
- Symptoms:
a. Weak, tired, low blood Na, hypovolemia, low BP

2) Hypoadrenalism
- Adrenal cortical tumours
- Excess glucocorticoids = CUSHING
- Excess mineralocorticoids = CONN’S syndrome

3) adrenal medullary tumour – pheochromocytoma

31
Q

Pancreas islets of langerhans

A

Compact spherical or ovoid MASSES of endocrine cells
Embedded within acinar cells
- thin reticular capsule surrounds each islets
- DARKER STAIN

32
Q

cells in islets of langerhans

Islets may be ___: with cytoplasmic granules

A

○ Acidophilic
○ Basophilic

Arranged in cords, separated by FENESTRATED CAPS

33
Q

cells in islets of langerhans

A

a cell (20%) = glucagon: incr BGL (glycogenolysis, lipolysis)

b cell (70%) = insulin (decr BGL –> DM)

delta cell (5-10%) = somatostatin (inhibit GH, TSH (pitui), HCL , gastric parietal. incr BGL)

PP cell or F cell (1-2%) = pancreatic pp (decr bile secretion, motility, secretion of pancreatic enzymes)

3152 finals (9 decks)

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