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Pharmacology > Immune System Agents > Flashcards

Immune System Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Focal infection

A

the root infection of the systemic infection (a dental abscess could be the focal infection of bacterial endocarditis that leads to multi-organ failure/sepsis)

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2
Q

Primary and Secondary Infections

A

A primary infection can weaken a body so that a second infection caused by a different organism can invade

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3
Q

Super infection

A

a secondary infection caused because of the action of an antimicrobial that has wiped out/weakened the normal flora that normally keeps the invading organism in check

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4
Q

Incubation stage of Infectious Disease

A
  • infected patient is unaware of it
  • length of time the illness signs/symptoms varies by organism and immune system of host as well as external/internal stresses to host.
  • infection can be spread
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5
Q

Prodromal period of infectious disease

A
  • short interval preceding the infectious disease
  • patient feels ill or like they are “coming down with something”
  • is caused, in part, by the rapid response by the immune system. (going into inflammatory phase)
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6
Q

Illness phase of infectious disease

A
  • incline of illness (time of greatest s&s specific to the pathogen
  • decline of illness (patient has turned the corner in terms of s&s
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7
Q

Convalescence stage of infectious disease

A
  • pathogen replication has stopped and pathogens are dying off or becoming inactive
  • body is regaining its pre-illness strength
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8
Q

Pathogens we encounter and how we treat them

A
  • Bacteria (antibacterials; vaccines)
  • Viruses (antivirals; antiretrovirals; antiyeasts)
  • Fungi (antifungals; antiyeasts)
  • Protozoa and malaria parasites (antimalarials; some antibiotics)
  • GI parasites (antihelminths)
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9
Q

Pharmacological responses must be…

A

to utilize body’s defenses or temper a normal biological response.
- immune system can be stimulated or depressed

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10
Q

Acquired immunity

A

active: exposure to antigen or antigenic proteins (vaccines) - population health perspective and vaccinations (herd immunity)
passive: antibody injection, gamma globulin (a substance made from the human blood plasma)

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11
Q

Allergies

A

Antihistamines and allergy desensitization

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12
Q

Autoimmune (hyper-immune responses)

A
  • immune suppressant drugs (prednisone, DMARDs, cyclosporine)
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13
Q

Fever Response

A

antipyretics

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14
Q

Prototype Drug-vaccines

A

hepatitis B vaccine

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15
Q

Mechanism of Action - hep B vaccine

A

vaccine, to provide active immunity

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16
Q

Primary use: hep b vaccine

A

individuals who are at risk of exposure to hep B virus

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17
Q

Adverse effects of hep b vaccine

A

pain and inflammation at injection site, transient fever or fatigue, potential for hypersensitivity

17
Q

Adverse effects of hep b vaccine

A

pain and inflammation at injection site, transient fever or fatigue, potential for hypersensitivity

18
Q

Prototype Drug: immunostimulant - Interferon

A

interferon alpha-2a (Intron A)

19
Q

Mechanism of action: interferon

A

enhances or stimulates immune system to remove antigens, suppress growth of cancer cells, antiviral activity

20
Q

Primary use of interferon

A

to remove hair-cell leukemia, chronic hepatitis C infection, or malignant melanoma

21
Q

Adverse effects: interferon

A

flu-like symptoms, also nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, headache, dizziness, fever

22
Q

Immune Globulin

A
  • immune globulin is antibody specific to an antigen
  • source is from donated human blood
  • immunoglobulin is available for Hep A and B, measles, rabies, Rhesus factor, tetanus, varicella, cytomegalovirus
23
Q

Immunosuppressants

A
  • inhibit client’s immune system
  • used for patients with severe autoimmune disease when the body has hyperactive immune response. or used to prevent tissue rejection following transplant
  • toxic to bone marrow (low blood cell count, fatigue, less oxygen carrying capacity, cyanosis)
24
Q

greatest risk when administering immunosuprressant

A
  • infection, decreased WBC, RBC, and platelet
24
Q

greatest risk when administering immunosuprressant

A
  • infection, decreased WBC, RBC, and platelet
25
Q

Prototype Drug: Immunosuppressant

A

Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

26
Q

Mechanism of action: cyclosporine

A

to inhibit helper T cells

27
Q

Primary use: cyclosporine

A

for transplant recipients

28
Q

Adverse effects: cyclosporine

A

75% of patients experience reduction in urine flow. Infections, tremor, hypertension, elevated hepatic enzymes

29
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

are the primary drugs for the treatment of mild to moderate inflammation
- block inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (which promote inflammation)

30
Q

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs - NSAIDS

- prototype

A

Ibuprofen (advil, motrin)

31
Q

Mechanism of action: ibuprofen

A

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

32
Q

Primary use: ibuprofen

A

for musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, mild to moderate pain, reduction in fever, dysmenorrhea

33
Q

Pharmacological Management: NSAIDS

A
  • obtain baseline kidney-and-liver-function tests, CBC
  • monitor bleeding time with long-term administration
  • assess for changes in pain, reduction in temperature and inflammation
  • assess for gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatitis, nephrotoxicity, hemolytic anemia
  • Use NSAIDs cautiously in elderly clients - potential increased bleeding
  • Aspirin is contraindicated in pediatric clients
34
Q

Adverse side effects: ibuprofen

A
  • Adverse effects: nausea, heartburn, GI bleeding, dizziness
35
Q

Systemic Glucocorticoids

A
  • anti-inflammatory drugs that can suppress severe cases of inflammation
  • suppress histamine release
  • inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins
  • suppress certain functions of phagocytes and lymphocytes.
36
Q

Glucocorticoid Prototype Drug:

A

Prednisone

37
Q

mechanism of action: prednisone

A

synthetic glucocorticoid, suppresses histamine

38
Q

Primary use: prednisone

A

treat inflammation

39
Q

Adverse effects: prednisone

A

cushing’s syndrome.
increase risk of infection
GI: pain, ulcers, bleeds

40
Q 
Antipyretics
prototype Drug: 
mechanism of action: 
primary use; 
adverse effects: 
dosage:
A
  • acetaminophen
  • to reduce fever by direct action at level of hypothalamus and dilation of peripheral blood vessels (enables sweating)
  • to relieve pain an reduce fever (not an anti-inflammatory)
  • possible liver damage, less gastric irritation
  • max 4000 mg in 24 hr

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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