Immune System

Question 1

Bacteria

Answer 1

Individual prokaryotic cells that replicate rapidly and easily infect the body ALSO Can produce toxins that cause cell necrosis

Question 2

Viruses

Answer 2

Enter cell and hijack the cell to make viral proteins and assemble new viral particles
- contain DNA, RNA, few proteins, and antiviral coat

Question 3

Parasite

Answer 3

Individual eukaryotic organisms that live inside a human

Question 4

Interferons

Answer 4

• Cytokines released by lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages
• cause virally infected cells to make anti-viral proteins and slow proteins synthesis of infected cell
• Types: Alpha, Beta, gamma

Question 5

Phagocytic cells

Answer 5

Engulf pathogens and clean up tissue debris

Question 6

Complement

Answer 6

Circulating proteins assist antibodies

Question 7

Macrophages

Answer 7

• Engulf pathogens and lyse them
• Bind to pathogen and wait for other cells’ help
• Release toxic chemicals that destroy pathogens and cytokines
• present antigen to CD4 cells

Question 8

Cytokines

Answer 8

Small signaling molecules

- Types: IL-1 and mast cells stimulator

Question 9

IL-1 cytokine

Answer 9

Substance that produces fever when released into blood

Question 10

Mast cell stimulator cytokine

Answer 10

Initiates inflammation and pain

Question 11

Mast cells

Answer 11

Release histamine (substance that increases capillary permeability and increase blood flow), heparin (thins blood at the area which will isolate injury), and cytokines (calls other cells to area)

Question 12

Natural killer cells

Answer 12

Monitor body for abnormal cells which are infected or cancerous

Question 13

NK cell activation

Answer 13

1 - NK cells recognizes abnormal surface markers
2 - Golgi begins to manufacture perforins and secretes large numbers of vesicles
3 - perforins interact with target cells surface and poke holes in it which will cause it to lyse

Question 14

Alpha interferons

Answer 14

Attract and stimulate natural killer cells

Question 15

Beta interferons

Answer 15

Secreted by fibroblast and slow inflammation

Question 16

Gamma interferons

Answer 16

Secreted by T & NK cells which stimulate macrophages

Question 17

Complement functions

Answer 17

• creates pores to help in destruction of target cell membranes
• induces mast cells to release histamine and stimulate inflammation
• attract phagocytic cells enhance phagocytosis

Question 18

MHC proteins

Answer 18

• Types: MHC class I and II
• MHC I: Found on surface of all nucleated-cells and display what is made inside of cell to CD8 T cells (and destroys nonself cells)
• MHC II: Found on professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) and B cells. APC presents antigens to CD4 T cells when MHC II presents the antigen found outside of APC.

Question 19

CD8 T cells

Answer 19

• Seek and destroy abnormal and affected tissues directly

- when it recognizes an antigen, it will destroy using perforin, lymphotoxin, and induce apoptosis

Question 20

Perforin

Answer 20

A protein released by natural killer cells and destroys targeted cells by creating pores in their membrane

Question 21

CD4 T cells

Answer 21

Activation is initiated by binding to antigens presented on MHC II via B cells or macrophages

Question 22

Activated CD4 cells

Answer 22

• Stimulate clonal expansion and maturation of CD8 cells (IL-2)
• attract macrophages NK cells
• promote B cell activation and antibody production

Question 23

CD4 activated by B cells

Answer 23

1) B cell binds to antigen
2) B cell brings antigen and presents to CD4 using MHC class II
3) CD4 is activated if recognizes antigen as non self
4) CD4 stimulates B cell to release cytokines which promote B cell division (ONLY if B cell and CD4 agree it is non self)
5) B cells stimulated by cytokine will divide and form plasma cells
6) Plasma cells release antibody
7) Antibody binds to same antigen
8) Memory B cells remember antigen

Question 24

Antibody function

Answer 24

1) Binds to toxin to neutralize them
2) antibody and antigen agglutination
3) complement activation if antibody changes shape—which expose complement binding sites
4) Attract phagocytic cells
5) Antigen coated by Antibody via opsonization
6) Bind to bacteria so bacteria won’t bind to body cells

Question 25

IgG antibody

Answer 25

Resistance against viruses bacteria and bacterial toxins

Question 26

IgE

Answer 26

Attaches to basophils and mast cells which stimulate release of histamine

Question 27

IgD

Answer 27

Play a role in activation of B cells

Question 28

IgM

Answer 28

the first antibodies secreted

Question 29

IgA

Answer 29

Mostly secreted and mucus tears saliva and usually are a first line defense role

Question 30

Primary and Secondary antibody response

Answer 30

P1) Exposure to antigen
P2) IgM is secreted by plasma B cells
P3) IgG rises slowly
S4) Memory B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete Ig in massive quantities

Question 31

Bacterial infection

Answer 31

1) Neutrophils and NK cells migrate to affected area and destroy bacteria
2) CD4 cells are activated when macrophages present antigen
3) B cells produce antibody after exposure to soluble toxins

Question 32

Viral infection

Answer 32

1) CD8 cells are activated when in contact with infected cells
2) B cells are activated later

Question 33

Immune system disorders

Answer 33

• Immunodeficiency: SCID
• Autoimmune disorder: rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, some sclerosis
• Human immunodeficiency virus: Virus that takes out CD4 cells
• Allergies
• Leukemia/lymphomas: WBC cancer in bone marrow, peripheral lymphatic organs