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Immunology (Mine) > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two immunities that make up the immune system?

A

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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2
Q

What does the innate immune system do?

A

Provides the body’s first line of defense against infectious agents

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3
Q

What defensive barriers are involved in the innate immunity?

A 
Anatomic and physical 
Physiologic
Complement
Cellular
Inflammation
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4
Q

Give examples of anatomic and physical barriers of the innate immunity.

A

Examples: skin, mucus membranes and normal flora

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5
Q

Give examples of physiologic barriers in the innate immunity.

A

Examples: temperature, pH, anti-microbials and cytokines

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6
Q

Give examples of cellular defenses in the innate immunity.

A

Examples: phagocytes and granulocytes

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7
Q

What characteristics do the innate immune defenses have in common?

A
  1. Present intrinsically with or without previous stimulation
  2. Have limited specificity for shared microbe and cellular structure (pathogenic associated molecular patterns [PAMPs] and damage-associated molecular patterns [DAMPs]
  3. Have limited diversity as reflected by a limited number of pattern recognition receptors
  4. Are not enhanced in activity upon subsequent exposure- no memory
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8
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune response?

A

B and T lymphocytes and their effector cells

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9
Q

What produces the heavy chain variable domains?

A

VDJ recombination

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10
Q

What produces the light chain variable domains?

A

VJ recombination

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11
Q

What gene is required for making the enzyme that is required to make the VJ recomination?

A

Rag1 and Rag2

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12
Q

What does terminal deoxyribonucleotidy transferase (Tdt) do?

A

Randomly inserts bases on the heavy chain while it is undergoing recombination. Not active during light chain recombination in B cells.

Active during the rearrangement of all gene segments in the formation of the TCR

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13
Q

What do T lymphoctes bind on their TCR?

A

Peptides and only peptides

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14
Q

What does the inflammasome secrete when it is activated?

A

Produces IL-1-beta and IL-18

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15
Q

Characteristics of Neutrophils

A
  1. Circulating phagocytes
    2.Short lived
  2. Rapid response, not prolonged defense
    These are the first to arrive
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16
Q

Characteristics of Monocytes/Macrophages

A
  1. Monocytes circulate in the blood, become macrophages in the tissues
  2. Provide a prolonged defense
  3. Produces cytokines that initiate and regulate inflammation
  4. Phagocytose pathogens
  5. Clear dead tissue and initiate tissue repair
  6. Macrophages will develop along one of 2 different pathways
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17
Q

Characteristics of Dendritic cells (DCs)

A
  1. Found in all tissues
  2. Antigen processing and presentation (APC)
  3. Two major functions: initiate inflammatory response and stimulate adaptive immune response
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18
Q

Characteristics of Mast cells

A
  1. Found in the skin and mucosa

2. Two pathways for activation: innate TLRs and antibody-dependent (IgE)

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19
Q

Characteristics of Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A
  1. Found in the blood and periphery
  2. Direct lysis of cells
  3. Secretes IFN-gamma
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20
Q

What is chemotaxis and who does it?

A

Chemotaxis:
Recruitment of inflammatory cells and anaphylatoxins

Complement proteins:
C3a, C4a, and C5a

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21
Q

What is opsonization of pathogens do and who does that?

A

Opsonization of pathogens makes it easier for them to be phagocytosed and killed

Complement protein:
C3b

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22
Q

How does the complement system kill pathogens and who does that?

A

Puts holes in the membrane

Done by membrane attack complex (MAC) which is made up of C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9

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23
Q

What is the alternative pathway for activating the complement pathway?

A

Lectin-binding or mannose-binding pathway (MBP)

Mannose-binding leptin binds to carbohydrates on the pathogen. Activates C3 of the complement pathway

Part of innate immunity.

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24
Q

What are the 4 steps of the acute inflammatory response?

A

Step 1: Rolling
Step 2: Activation by chemo-attractants
Step 3: Arrest and adhesion
Step 4: Transendothelial migration (extravasation)

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25
Q

What are the chemoattractive molecules?

A

Chemokines (IL-8)
Complement protein C5a
Leukotriene B4
Formyl methionyl peptides (F-met)

26
Q

What are the proinflammatory cytokines?

A 
IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
IL-12
IL-8
27
Q

What cytokines cause fever?

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha

28
Q

What cytokines are anti-inflammatory?

A

TGF-beta

IL-10

29
Q

What cells are in the cortex of the lymph nodes?

A

B-cells (memory cells)

30
Q

What cells are in the paracortex of the lymph nodes?

A

T-cells

31
Q

What cells are in the medulla of the lymph nodes?

A

Plasma cells

32
Q

What happens in the germinal center of the lymph nodes?

A
  1. Class switching
  2. Somatic hypermutation
  3. Plasma/memory cells
33
Q

What cells are in the marginal zone of the spleen?

A

B-cells

34
Q

What cells are in the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) in the spleen?

A

T-cells

35
Q

What MHC is loaded in the exogenous pathway?

A

Pathogens are outside cells

MHC II

36
Q

What MHC is loaded in the endogenous pathway?

A

Pathogens are inside cells

MHC I

37
Q

What MHC do CD8 T-cells bind to?

A

MHC I

38
Q

What MHC do CD4 T-cells bind to?

A

MHC II

39
Q

What MHC does NK cells look for?

A

MHC I

40
Q

What is the naive helper T (Th) cell?

A

Th0

41
Q

What are the different subsets of Th cells that come from the naive Th cell?

A

Th1
Th2
Th17

42
Q

What does Th1 respond to and secrete?

A

Responds to:
Intracellular infections

Secretes: IFN-gamma

43
Q

What does Th2 respond to and secrete?

A

Responds to:
Parasitic infections

Secretes:
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and TGF-beta

44
Q

What does Th17 respond to and secrete?

A

Responds to:
Extracellular bacterial and fungal infections

Secretes:
IL-17 and IL-22

45
Q

What is the signal that makes the Th0 differentiate into the Th1?

A

IL-12

46
Q

What is the signal that makes the Th0 differentiate into the Th2?

A

IL-4

47
Q

What is the signal that makes the Th0 differentiate into Th17

A

IL-23, IL-6 and TGF-beta

48
Q

What does the CD8 T-cell differentiate into?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

49
Q

What do CTLs do?

A

Kill cells

50
Q

What antibody can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

51
Q

What receptor bind IgA to make it a dimer?

A

poly-Ig receptor

52
Q

Where is IgA mainly?

A

In the lamina propria

53
Q

What is the first antibody made?

A

IgM

54
Q

What signal produces IgG?

A

IFN-gamma by Th1 cells

55
Q

What signals produce IgA?

A

TGF-beta and IL-5

56
Q

What does IgM and IgG do?

A

They activate the complement pathway

57
Q

What does IgA do?

A

A neutralizing antibody that inhibits binding of toxins or pathogens .

Does not activate complement pathway, act as opsonin or mediate ADCC

58
Q

What does IgE bind to?

A

Binds to Fce receptors present on mast cells, eosinophils and basophils

59
Q

What does IgE protect against?

A

Protective immune response against parasites and allergens.

Does not activate complement or act as an opsonin

60
Q

What are the effector mechanism?

A

Perforin, granzymes and cytokines

Immunology (Mine) (7 decks)

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