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Body Logistics > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of immune response

A

innate and adaptive

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2
Q

what cells are antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages, dendritic, B lymphocytes

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3
Q

what do mast cells do

A

release heparin, histamine and cytokines in an immune response

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4
Q

what does histamine cause

A

vasodilation and an increase in permeability of blood vessels

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5
Q

how do mast cells cause an allergic response

A

degradation of the granules in mast cells all over the body cause the release of histamine which causes general vasodilation

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6
Q

what are the 5 signs of inflammation (English)

A

redness, loss of function, pain, swelling, heat

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7
Q

what are the 5 signs of inflammation (latin)

A

rubor, calor, functino laesa, tumor, dolor

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8
Q

what do eosinophils do

A

secrete toxins to kill parasites

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9
Q

what do basophils do

A

secrete histamine and heparin during an immune response

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10
Q

what is interleukin a type of

A

cytokine

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11
Q

what cell is the first to arrive at the site of inflammation

A

neutrophils

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12
Q

what is the appearance of neutrophils

A

granular with a lobed nucleus

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13
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

carry out phagocytosis

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14
Q

what d macrophages do

A

carry out phagocytosis and are antigen presenting cells

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15
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A

carry out phagocytosis and are antigen presenting cells

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16
Q

what physical barriers are involved in the innate immune system

A

skin, mucus and stomach acid

17
Q

why does swelling occur during inflammation

A

due to an increase in leucocytes and plasma

18
Q

what 3 affects does the complement cascade have

A

opsonisation, inflammation and degradation of cell membranes

19
Q

what is opsonisation

A

the marking of a pathogen for destruction using cb3 proteins

20
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do

A

induce apoptosis by forming holes in the membranes of host cells displaying foreign antigens presented to them by APC

21
Q

which immune system are natural killer classed under

A

innate immune system

22
Q

what do B helper cells do

A

differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies in order to maintain the humoral response

23
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

activate B lymphocytes

24
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

destroy compromised host cells

25
Q

what type of cells ensure the an immunological memory

A

B and T memory cells

26
Q

what is clonal selection

A

process of selecting the right lymphocyte

27
Q

what is clonal expansion

A

proliferation of the correct lymphocytes

28
Q

how long after the innate response does the adaptive response occur

A

3 days

29
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death via molecular signals

30
Q

what protein is deactivated to induce apoptosis

A

bcl-2

31
Q

where is the bcl-2 protein found

A

on the mitochondrias cell membrane

32
Q

what occurs during apoptosis

A

enzymes digest the cytosol and cell components. DNA is fragmented. the cells breaks into fragments which are taken up in phagocytosis

33
Q

what is necrosis

A

cells death due to physical disruption

34
Q

what can cause necrosis

A

toxins, injury or nutrient deprivations

35
Q

what occurs during necrosis

A

osmotic pressure cause the cell to swell and burst, causing cytotoxic chemicals to leak out and cause an immune response

36
Q

what are the 2 types of phagocytosis

A

oxygen dependent and independent

37
Q

outline oxygen dependant phagocytosis

A

when phagocytes produce oxygen reactive species

38
Q

what is oxygen independent phagocytosis

A

lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes break down the pathogen in the absence of oxygen

39
Q

outline phagocytosis

A

phagocytes migrate toward particle using cytokines
the cells recognise the opsonins and digest the particle via endocytosis. A phagosome and then a phagolysosome is formed. Oxygen (in)dependant digestion occurs and the indigestible waste is removed

Body Logistics (18 decks)

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