immune system Flashcards
what are the 2 types of immune response
innate and adaptive
what cells are antigen presenting cells
macrophages, dendritic, B lymphocytes
what do mast cells do
release heparin, histamine and cytokines in an immune response
what does histamine cause
vasodilation and an increase in permeability of blood vessels
how do mast cells cause an allergic response
degradation of the granules in mast cells all over the body cause the release of histamine which causes general vasodilation
what are the 5 signs of inflammation (English)
redness, loss of function, pain, swelling, heat
what are the 5 signs of inflammation (latin)
rubor, calor, functino laesa, tumor, dolor
what do eosinophils do
secrete toxins to kill parasites
what do basophils do
secrete histamine and heparin during an immune response
what is interleukin a type of
cytokine
what cell is the first to arrive at the site of inflammation
neutrophils
what is the appearance of neutrophils
granular with a lobed nucleus
what do neutrophils do
carry out phagocytosis
what d macrophages do
carry out phagocytosis and are antigen presenting cells
what do dendritic cells do
carry out phagocytosis and are antigen presenting cells
what physical barriers are involved in the innate immune system
skin, mucus and stomach acid
why does swelling occur during inflammation
due to an increase in leucocytes and plasma
what 3 affects does the complement cascade have
opsonisation, inflammation and degradation of cell membranes
what is opsonisation
the marking of a pathogen for destruction using cb3 proteins
what do cytotoxic T cells do
induce apoptosis by forming holes in the membranes of host cells displaying foreign antigens presented to them by APC
which immune system are natural killer classed under
innate immune system
what do B helper cells do
differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies in order to maintain the humoral response
what do T helper cells do
activate B lymphocytes
what do natural killer cells do
destroy compromised host cells
what type of cells ensure the an immunological memory
B and T memory cells
what is clonal selection
process of selecting the right lymphocyte
what is clonal expansion
proliferation of the correct lymphocytes
how long after the innate response does the adaptive response occur
3 days
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death via molecular signals
what protein is deactivated to induce apoptosis
bcl-2
where is the bcl-2 protein found
on the mitochondrias cell membrane
what occurs during apoptosis
enzymes digest the cytosol and cell components. DNA is fragmented. the cells breaks into fragments which are taken up in phagocytosis
what is necrosis
cells death due to physical disruption
what can cause necrosis
toxins, injury or nutrient deprivations
what occurs during necrosis
osmotic pressure cause the cell to swell and burst, causing cytotoxic chemicals to leak out and cause an immune response
what are the 2 types of phagocytosis
oxygen dependent and independent
outline oxygen dependant phagocytosis
when phagocytes produce oxygen reactive species
what is oxygen independent phagocytosis
lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes break down the pathogen in the absence of oxygen
outline phagocytosis
phagocytes migrate toward particle using cytokines
the cells recognise the opsonins and digest the particle via endocytosis. A phagosome and then a phagolysosome is formed. Oxygen (in)dependant digestion occurs and the indigestible waste is removed
