immune system

Question 1

immunity

Answer 1

a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease or other unwanted biological invasion

Question 2

natural acquired immunity

Answer 2

ex. infection

Question 3

artificial acquired immunity

Answer 3

vaccination

Question 4

passive acquired immunity

Answer 4

colostrum

Question 5

pathogen

Answer 5

disease causing organism ex. bacteria, virus, fungi etc

Question 6

antigen

Answer 6

any substance capable of generating an immune response. ex. proteins or parts of bacteria

Question 7

cells of the immune system

Answer 7

white blood cells (leukocytes)

Question 8

innate immune system cells

Answer 8

phagocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils and natural killer cells

Question 9

adaptive immune system cells

Answer 9

lymphocytes and dendritic cells

Question 10

protective mechanical barriers

Answer 10

epidermis, intrinsic epithelial, saliva, coughing, sneezing, flushing action of urine, cilia

Question 11

chemical barriers

Answer 11

sebum, skin acidity, beta defensins, gastric juice

Question 12

innate immune response characteristics

Answer 12

present from birth, not particular for any microbial substance, not enhanced by second exposure, has no memory, uses cellular and humoral components

Question 13

function of innate immune response

Answer 13

first line of defense, slows the growth of infectious agents until the adaptive immune response kicks in. focuses on broad characteristic of microbes. PAMPS of microbes bind to PRRs of innate immune cells

Question 14

stages of antigen processing

Answer 14

1. uptake-access to native antigens and pathogens to intracellular pathways of degradation
2. degradation-
3. Antigen MHC complex formation
4. antigen presentation

Question 15

neutrophils

Answer 15

most abundant immune cell in the blood. main role is to get to a site of infection and perform phagocytosis. after taking up the microorganism the neutrophil will die, cause pus formation

Question 16

monocytes

Answer 16

migrate into the tissues and differentiate into macrophages, phagocytose microorganisms, present antigen to t-cells

Question 17

natural killer cells

Answer 17

part of the innate immune system, directly include apoptosis in virus infected cells

Question 18

cytokines and chemokines

Answer 18

responsible for immune cell-to-cell communication, soluble proteins and peptides, similar to hormones, cause cells to migrate from the blood into the tissue underlying the infection`

Question 19

antigen presenting cells or phagocytes

Answer 19

link between the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system, once they engulf the microbe, they travel to the lymphatic system to present antigens to the lymphocytes (adaptive immune system)

Question 20

lymphatics function

Answer 20

removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration and movement of lymph, transport

Question 21

adaptive immunity characteristics

Answer 21

learnt by experience, confers pathogen specific immunity, enhanced by second exposure, has memory, uses cellular and humoral components, is poorly effective without innate immunity.

Question 22

parts of the adaptive immune system

Answer 22

cell mediated immunity (T cells) and humoral immunity (B cells become plasma cells)

Question 23

T cells

Answer 23

from the bone marrow, mature in the thymus, produce cytokines

Question 24

CD4 t cells

Answer 24

t helper cells that activate b cells to produce antibodies

Question 25

CD8 T cells

Answer 25

cytotoxic t cells and regulatory t cells (kill infected cells)

Question 26

cell mediated immunity

Answer 26

effective against intracellular bacteria, viruses and intracellular parasites, limits disease but does not prevent infection

Question 27

humoral immunity

Answer 27

effective against toxins, viruses, some bacteria and extracellular parasites, also prevent infection

Question 28

why do we vaccinate?

Answer 28

aid in prevention of disease, reduce severity of disease and minimize spread of disease