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histology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what two types of connective tissue do lymphocytes reside in?

A

Loose areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

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2
Q

where are solitary lymph nodules most common?

A

small intestines

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3
Q

where are aggregated lymphoid nodules most common?

A

ileum as a collection of 30-40 nodules known as Peyers patch

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4
Q

8 locations where lymph nodes are found?

A 
Loose areolar
dense irregular connective tissue
Solitary lymphoid nodules
agrregated lymphoid nodules
Tonsils
Lymph Nodes
Thymus
Spleen
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5
Q

T of F. Lymphatic vessels are similar to arteries

A

False

similar to veins with very thin walls

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6
Q

once interstitial fluid crosses to the lymphatic vessels its now known as…

A

Lymph

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7
Q

_____ vessels brings lymph to the lymph nodes

A

Afferent

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8
Q

What is responsible for carrying lymph out of lymph nodes and organs?

A

efferent vessels

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9
Q

Between organs and lymph nodes, which one has afferent vessels?

A

lymph nodes, no one else wants that shit

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10
Q

T or F. The capsule of a lymph node is mainly comprised of simple squamous epithelia

A

false. Dense connective tissue

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11
Q

T or F. Afferent enter through the surface where as efferent vessels exit through the hilus

A

true

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12
Q

Afferent vessel also enter through the hilus

A

False

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13
Q

the capsule continues into the node, what is this structure known as?

A

trabeculae

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14
Q

what cells do stroma of the node consist of?

A

reticular cells

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15
Q

where do the reticular cells of the stroma adhere to?

A

trabeculae

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16
Q

what is the function of the reticular cells of the stroma?

A

to produce sinuses made up of loose connective tissue for lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages to reside in

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17
Q

which one of these correctly depicts the proper passageways which LYMPH flows through a node?

a) afferent lymphatic > subcapsular sinus > medullary sinuses > cortical and trabecular sinuses > efferent lymphatics
b) afferent lymphatic > subcapsular sinus > cortical and trabecular sinuses > medullary sinuses > efferent lymphatics
c) afferent lymphatic > medullary sinuses > subcapsular sinus > cortical and trabecular sinuses > efferent lymphatics

A

b) afferent lymphatic > subcapsular sinus > cortical and trabecular sinuses > medullary sinuses > efferent lymphatics
hint: afferent enters through the capsule and trabeculae are infolds of the capsule, from there youre on your own

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18
Q

what type(s) of cell(s) line the sinus?

a) squamous, endothelium-like cells
b) reticular cells
c) phagocytic cells
d) A and B
e) A and C

A

e) squamous, endothelium-like cells AND phagocytic cells

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19
Q

what are the two layers of cortex?

A

outer and inner/deep/paracortical

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20
Q

the outer cortex is comprised of nodules. what are the two types of nodules?

A

primary and secondary

21
Q

which one of these do primary and secondary nodules have in common?

a) germinal center
b) pale center
c) mostly small B lymphocytes
d) very active lymphocytes

A

c) small B lymphocytes

22
Q

T of F. Within the germinal centers, B cells are in various stages of maturation.

A

true, theyre ‘germinating/developing’

23
Q

what other cells can you find in the germinal centers?

A

T cells and macrophages

24
Q

1) each germinal center is responsible for a single antigen 2) and complete maturation of B cells into plasma cells.
a) 1 is true and 2 is false
b) 2 is true and 1 is false
c) both are true
d) both are false

A

a) 1 is true and 2 is false

B cells complete maturation in the medulla

25
Q

germinal centers contain…

a) small and medium lymphocytes
b) medium and large lymphocytes
c) only small lymphocytes

A

b) medium and large lymphocytes
germinal centers are pale, that means they’re more active (like the euchromatin in nuclei), if they’re more active then they have more cytoplasm and enlarged nucleus

26
Q

germinal centers 1) only arise after birth 2) and are permanent

a) 1 is true and 2 is false
b) 2 is true and 1 is false
c) both are true
d) both are false

A

a) 1 is true and 2 is false
only arise after birth because thats when antigens are present
2 is false because thats just the way it is, they come and go

27
Q

which one of these are not a characteristic of the deep cortex?

a) mostly small T lymphocytes
b) recirculating lymphocytes
c) nodular
d) presence of dendritic APC (antigen presenting cells)

A

c) nodular

the area is dense but non-nodular

28
Q

what is the function of high endothelial venules?

A

these epithelial cells have special surface markers that circulating lymphocytes recognize. this what causes them to reside in the deep cortex

29
Q

what cells are most common in the medulla?

A

B lymphocytes
so if medulla is highly active that means those B lymphocytes evolve into plasma cells thus large amounts of plasma cells may be present

30
Q

so from superficial to deep (inner cortex–>deep cortex—->medulla), what are the most common cells at each level?

a) T>B>T lymphocytes
b) B>B>T lymphocytes
c) B>T>B lymphocytes

A

c)B>T>B lymphocytes

31
Q

what separates medullary cords (aggregations of lymphoid cells)?

A

sinuses

if sinuses are present that means there are reticular cells creating an open space (just like in the stroma)

32
Q

T or F. as lymphocytes mature, they decrease in size.

A

True, thats why germinal centers are pale, they consist of large, immature lymphocytes.

33
Q

which one of these correctly depicts the proper passageways which BLOOD flows through a node?

a) hilus>medullary cords>cortex to form capillaries and postcapillary venules>medullary veins>hilus
b) afferent vessels>medullary cords>capillaries> cortex to form postcapillary venules>medullary veins>hilus
c) hilus>medullary cords to form postcapillary venules>capillaries> cortex >medullary veins>hilus

A

a) hilus>medullary cords>cortex to form capillaries and postcapillary venules>medullary veins>hilus

34
Q

what is the composition (type of epithelium) of the endothelium of the postcapillary venules?

A

cuboidal or columnar (most probably stratified since its otherwise known as ‘high’ epithelium. to be confirmed)

35
Q

the T and B lymphocytes migrate into the node as they pass through which part of the blood vessel?

a) artery
b) capillary
c) postcapillary venule
d) vein

A

c) postcapillary venule

since it has the specialized endothelium

36
Q

which one of these are not a function of lymph nodes

a) Allow interaction between antigen and lymphoid cells
b) Main site for expansion (increase of number) of lymphocytes in an immune response
c) Production of antibodies
d) spinal
e) Filter foreign material, bacteria, tumor cells

A

ran out of ideas for this one…

37
Q

Which is false about the spleen

a) largest lymphoid organ
b) unlike lymph nodes, it does not contain a hilus
c) it is interposed in the blood stream
d) capsulated by dense connective tissue

A

B)

38
Q

The spleens 1) white pulp is solely B lymphocytes and 2) red pulp is composed of splenic cords and venous sinuses.

a) 1 is true and 2 is false
b) 2 is true and 1 is false
c) both are true
d) both are false

A

b) 2 is true and 1 is false

contains both B and T lymphocytes

39
Q

which one of these structures are not present in the spleen

a) medulla
b) germinal centers
c) cortex
d) medulla
e) all are present

A

c) cortex

40
Q

T or F

B cells make up follicles/nodules whereas T cells don’t

A

True

41
Q

T or F

The central artery travels through masses of T cells and terminates by follicles of B cells

A

True

42
Q

what is the main composition of red pulp?

A

reticular framework containing two major components, splenic/venous sinuses and splenic cords

43
Q

1) The area between the sinuses are called splenic cords 2) which contains all the cells of the circulating blood as well as some others.

a) 1 is true and 2 is false
b) 2 is true and 1 is false
c) both are true
d) both are false

A

c) both are true

44
Q

which is false about venous sinuses?

a) endothelial cells separated by narrow intercellular clefts
b) blood cells pass through the slits
c) endothelial cells lie on a discontinuous basal lamina causing the latter to form rings
d) round and symmetrical in shape
e) all are true

A

d) round and symmetrical in shape

very irregular

45
Q

which is false about Splenic cords?

a) many T and B lymphocytes
b) are inter-sinusoidal spaces
c) can be considered a part of the vascular pathway
d) contains all the cells of circulating blood including reticular cells

A

a) many T and B lymphocytes

very few actually, most are said to be diverted from the cords to white pulp

46
Q

what is the importance of the marginal zone in the spleen?

A

is the site where lymphocytes of the recirculating pool leave the blood to enter the white pulp

47
Q

which one of these cells are not present in the marginal zone?

a) plasma cells
b) macrophages
c) lymphocytes
d) dendritic antigen-presenting cells
e) all the above are present

A

e)

48
Q

what is the pathway of blood into the spleen?

not so sure of the exact pathway, there are some differences between the notes and lecture

A
  • Splenic artery enters the hilus
  • then divides into trabecular arteries
  • then enter the white pulp as central arteries (there it is surrounded by PALS and T lymphocytes)
  • enters the red pulp through smaller arteries called penicillary arterioles and deposits into splenic cords
  • can terminate in the red pulp or pass through the endothelium to enter the sinuses
  • sinuses dump into pulp veins
  • pulp veins dump into trabecular veins
  • trabecular veins dump into the splenic vein to leave the organ
49
Q

which one of these are not a function of the spleen?

a) Fetal Erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, megakaryopoiesis
b) A filter for antigens in blood
c) Production of lymphocytes
d) Interaction with antigen-presenting cells
e) Destruction of aged and abnormal red cells
f) Sequesters monocytes to become macrophages
g) Platelet storage and destruction
h) all are functions

A

h) all are functions

histology (3 decks)

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