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Biol Behind the news > Immune system (2-4) > Flashcards

Immune system (2-4) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do Jehovah’s witnesses object to blood transfusions?

A

biblical verses whish forbod ingestion of blood. eating meat with residual bllod tho is fine.

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2
Q

what is the sacredness of blood?

A

idea that the life of a being resides in its blood

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3
Q

What about when kids need it and parents refuse?

A

medical staff can overrule if it means the child wont live.

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4
Q

What have doctors done to try and accomidate these religious wishes>

A

bloodless surgeries that dont require blood transfusions of other peoples blood to replace lost blood during surgery

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5
Q

advantages of bloodless surgery

A

quicker recovery, less invasive, and spend less time on ventilators

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6
Q

Advantages/ disadvantages of the use of biomedical research on animal models?

A

cheap and quick (adv)

hard to have relevance (dis)

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7
Q

what is a surrogate outcome?

A

a measurable outcome that is not a clinical outcome but might correlate with a clinical outcome

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8
Q

advantages/ diadvantages of surrogate outcome?

A

ad: cost and time
dis: relevance, it might not ne effective with other diseases

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9
Q

What are case series?

A

the study of causes and spreads of disease

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10
Q

What are case-control studies? (retrospective studies)

A

comparing a pop with the disease (case) with a pop without disease (control) and retrospectively comparing the two to determine information

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11
Q

What are cohort studies? (prospective studies)

A

the following of groups or situations (cohorts) and propectively anaylsisng the sprisk fatcors in each grooup for diseases etc.

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12
Q

What are the 5 aspects of our innate defenses?

A

barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever

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13
Q

adaptive defenses (3)

A

B-cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells

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14
Q

what two for communication?

A

ctytokine, and antigen presentation

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15
Q

What is a healthy immune system?

A

can fight off infection

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16
Q

Why is it better to study immune system with respect to a specific disease>

A

because there is no way to measure whether your immune system is depressed or boosted but certain diseases depress immune system function

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17
Q

In regards to immune system, what research method is mostly used?

A

surrogate studies

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18
Q

why is cohort studies not often used?

A

expensive and time-consuming.

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19
Q

What factors are known to weaken immune system function?

A

malnutrition, shortage of certain minerals, too much work to do, diseases of cells of the immune system, fatigue

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20
Q

regarding research on specific micronutrients, what are the two issues?

A

1) deficiency effect on immune system?

2) if normal intake, strengthen immune system?

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21
Q

Selenium

A

low levels- cancer

cofactor for enzymes, one egg is generally enough to satisfy selenium amounts

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22
Q

Vit. A

A

low levels- higher risks of infectious diseases

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23
Q

roboflavin (vit B2)

A

confers some resistance to infectious diseases in mice

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24
Q

Vit. B6

A

deficicency seems to impair the development and differentiation of B cells and T cells from stem cells

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25
Q

Vit. C

A

deficiency is unknown really. But is needed for immune system so could help with immune system function

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26
Q

Linus Pailing

A

a chemist who wrote a book on vit C and the common cold

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27
Q

Vit. D

A

known to be invovled in fighting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. more prone to HIv, and flu if deficient

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28
Q

Vit. E

A

suuplementation enhanced the antibody response to some vaccinations but not to others.

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29
Q

zinc

A

deficiency affects the functioning of lymphocytes

30
Q

caution with herbs?

A

can be extracted/prepared differently from the same plant at diff times/places

31
Q

What is important when considering the “active ingredient”

A

the amount and what it actually is

32
Q

manufacturing quality and honesty can vary- proff

A

a DNA barcode project found that when examining 44 herbal products, 30 species of herbs manufactured by 12 companies

33
Q

aloe vera

A

good for minor cuts and burns

34
Q

echinacea

A

studies have failed to find good evidence of an effect on cold duration and severity

35
Q

garlic

A

along with onion will reduce cancer

36
Q

ginseng

A

may be an immune system stimulant

37
Q

what is you micobiome?

A

hundreds of beneficial bacteria your body hosts.

38
Q

Probiotics

A

commercial products that contain bacteria that is already present in your digestive tract

39
Q

prebiotics

A

substances alleged to nourish and multiply your good bacteria

40
Q

Stress

A

physical and social stress resulted in higher mortality in mice when exposed to a toxic bacteria. (cohort)

41
Q

exercise

A

moderate helps health benefits, but intense will cause in higher infection liklihood

42
Q

exercise

A

moderate helps health benefits, but intense will cause in higher infection liklihood

43
Q

What are some legalities with what can go on a bottle?

A

cannot put health claims on a product unless there is scienfic grounding literature`

44
Q

WHat is the loop hole to language on products

A

you can use sciency tone words

45
Q

natural

A

all natural ingredients but doesnt actually mean its good for you. rattlesnack venom is natural too

46
Q

boost

A

no scientific meaning

47
Q

balance

A

balance the four humours in our body. the overall goldilocks principle

48
Q

support

A

anything that supports levels

49
Q

maintain

A

also a meaningless term

50
Q

toxins

A

the identities of which are never specified by the people selling the anti-toxin products. we do produce toxins in our body
carbon monoxide and methanol

51
Q

quantum

A

means smallest thing that can happen. in popular speech, quantum means huge

52
Q

inoculation

A

small quantity of material from the pustules of people suffering from the milder form of the disease was intriduced into healthy people

53
Q

vaccinination

A

introduction of weakened pathogen or something that looks like a pathogen but does not cause the disease

54
Q

small pox

A

huge 100 years ago but inoculation worked well in china to help. effected children and resulted in scars and death

55
Q

yellow fever

A

problem with liver resulting in yellowish colouration around the eyes

56
Q

tetanus

A

lessened with vaccination. muscle loacking becasue communication with brain stops

57
Q

polio

A

weakening of the body, needed iron lungs to keep breathing

58
Q

what are some problems with vaccinations?

A

1) dont always work
2) allergic reactions
3) side efects

59
Q

vaccine injury

A

often-litigated harm and has won large court settlements although some dont have solid scientific background

60
Q

Switzerland 1883

A

repeal of a compulsory smallpox vaccination law

61
Q

France 1990

A

media scare centered on the fear that hep B vaccine causes multiple sclerosis

62
Q

Nigeria 2000

A

fear that polio vaccine rendered children sterile- a fatwa was issued condemming vaccination

63
Q

Thermerosol

A

mercury containing compound that was added to vaccines as a preservative.

64
Q

MMR vaccination

A

combination vaccine for measles, mumps and rubella

65
Q

rise of autism

A

due to new diagnostic procedures, or due to a real rise in incidence reflecting a real environmental cause

66
Q

Wakefield paper

A

implicated MMR vaccine in the rise of autism. 8 kids, week later one started to develop symptoms

67
Q

The effect of the autism controversy?

A

vaccination rates have fallen and measle rates have risen

68
Q

What is cochrane>

A

international collaboration of scientist-volunteers who conduct systematic reviews or medical literature.

69
Q

what is a systematic review

A

review of randomized clinical trails that have been done to answer a certain question. graded in a methodological quality

70
Q

carbon monoxide from?

A

break down of hemoglobin in liver

71
Q

methanol

A

juice metabolism

72
Q

acid aldehyde

A

from alchol

Biol Behind the news (9 decks)

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