Immune system #1

Question 1

What are the two ways cells communicate?

Answer 1

directly and indirectly

Question 2

How do they communicate directly? ex

Answer 2

direct interaction, ex egg and sperm

Question 3

How do they communicate indirectly? ex

Answer 3

diffusible chemical communication ex. insulin from islet cells from pancreas stimulate other cells in the body to take up glucose from blood

Question 4

What are the two types of hormones?

Answer 4

Water soluble (amines and peptides) and lipid soluble (steroids)

Question 5

What is another way for indirect communication?

Answer 5

electrical signals. ex is the electrical current in the heart during each contraction

Question 6

What are the five threats to our defense system?

Answer 6

pathogens, abnormal cells, dead/damaged cells, foreign substances, and sometimes our own healthy tissues

Question 7

What are the 5 pathogens?

Answer 7

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, worms

Question 8

What is our innate defence system?

Answer 8

not specific to certain pathogens and there is no clonal selection

Question 9

What is our adaptive immune system?

Answer 9

specific to certain pathogens and there is clonal selection

Question 10

What are our 5 innate defenses>

Answer 10

barriers (skin)
phagocytes ('cell eaters')
Natural killer cells
inflammatory response (bacterial infections)
fever

Question 11

opsonization

Answer 11

labels attached to cells for recongnization to our immune system

Question 12

4 properties of adaptive immune system?

Answer 12

specificity, diversity, self/nonself recognition, and memory

Question 13

antibody and immunoglobin class

Answer 13

antibody is an individual molecule, a similar set of antibodies is an immunoglobin class

Question 14

what properties do antibodies manifest

Answer 14

specificity and diversity

Question 15

Two regions of an antibody?

Answer 15

variable region- different in each antibody

constant region- the same in each ig class

Question 16

epitope

Answer 16

part of the antigenic molecule that bonds the antibody

Question 17

what substances can be percieved as antigenic by our immune system?

Answer 17

proteins and glycoproteins.

polysaccarhides

Question 18

How are different antibodies generated?

Answer 18

generated by editing the genes in ig classes of B cells that produce antibodies. this results in a large variety

Question 19

What are T cell receptors?

Answer 19

glycoproteins located at the surface of T cell

Question 20

What do t-cells have in common with B cells?

Answer 20

manifest specificty and diversity
bind to antigens
diversity generated by gene rearrangments

Question 21

Where do B and T cells mature?

Answer 21

B-Bone marrow

T-Thymus

Question 22

B lymphocyte structure

Answer 22

have antibodies on the outside of the cell that bind to antigens. tells the cell there is a foreign object with that specificity.
Each B cell has its own antigen specificity

Question 23

B lymphocyte activation?

Answer 23

antigen binding or interaction with helper T cell

Question 24

Clonal selection

Answer 24

when a B cell or other cell binds with a certain antigen, the cell is cloned

Question 25

plasma B cells

Answer 25

release antibodies

Question 26

memory B cells

Answer 26

kept in circulation after an infection and clonal selection to allow for speedy attack when next exposure occurs

Question 27

What do antibodies do

Answer 27

membrane receptors on B cells | coat viruses and bacteria, preventing epithelia attacthment and allow for macrophage recognition and destruction

Question 28

Helper T cells

Answer 28

provide links between macrophages, humoural immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 29

APCs and MHC

Answer 29

macrophages are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and is part of the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC) presenting the antigen to helper T cells

Question 30

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 30

activated by helper T cells and infected cells poke holes in cells with perforin. also have a memory component

Question 31

somatic hypermutation

Answer 31

allow for a greater second response time because it occurs during the proliferation of the memory cells

Question 32

acquired immunity

Answer 32

immunity from a previous exposure and/or vaccination

Question 33

passive immunity

Answer 33

antibodies supplied directly from the outside

Question 34

ANtibodies made in labs

Answer 34

raise antibodies for specific molecules and attach a flourescent label to the antibody

Question 35

polyclonal antibodies

Answer 35

different epitope specifities and different epitopes of the same antigen

Question 36

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 36

all have the same epitopic speicificity and bind to one epitope only

Question 37

What are the A and B antigens on RBCs?

Answer 37

oligosaccharide chains attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 38

what does type A blood have?

Answer 38

A antigen and produces anti-B antibodies

Question 39

what does type B blood have?

Answer 39

B antigen and produces anti-A antibodies

Question 40

Type AB blood?

Answer 40

has both A and B antigens but produces no antobodies

Question 41

Type O blood?

Answer 41

has no antigens but produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 42

Universal donor?

Answer 42

Type O

Question 43

Universal receiver?

Answer 43

Type AB

Question 44

glutination

Answer 44

the clumping of blood cells when antigens react with antibodies