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Biol Behind the news > Immune system #1 > Flashcards

Immune system #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways cells communicate?

A

directly and indirectly

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2
Q

How do they communicate directly? ex

A

direct interaction, ex egg and sperm

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3
Q

How do they communicate indirectly? ex

A

diffusible chemical communication ex. insulin from islet cells from pancreas stimulate other cells in the body to take up glucose from blood

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4
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Water soluble (amines and peptides) and lipid soluble (steroids)

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5
Q

What is another way for indirect communication?

A

electrical signals. ex is the electrical current in the heart during each contraction

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6
Q

What are the five threats to our defense system?

A

pathogens, abnormal cells, dead/damaged cells, foreign substances, and sometimes our own healthy tissues

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7
Q

What are the 5 pathogens?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, worms

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8
Q

What is our innate defence system?

A

not specific to certain pathogens and there is no clonal selection

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9
Q

What is our adaptive immune system?

A

specific to certain pathogens and there is clonal selection

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10
Q

What are our 5 innate defenses>

A 
barriers (skin)
phagocytes ('cell eaters')
Natural killer cells
inflammatory response (bacterial infections)
fever
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11
Q

opsonization

A

labels attached to cells for recongnization to our immune system

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12
Q

4 properties of adaptive immune system?

A

specificity, diversity, self/nonself recognition, and memory

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13
Q

antibody and immunoglobin class

A

antibody is an individual molecule, a similar set of antibodies is an immunoglobin class

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14
Q

what properties do antibodies manifest

A

specificity and diversity

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15
Q

Two regions of an antibody?

A

variable region- different in each antibody

constant region- the same in each ig class

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16
Q

epitope

A

part of the antigenic molecule that bonds the antibody

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17
Q

what substances can be percieved as antigenic by our immune system?

A

proteins and glycoproteins.

polysaccarhides

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18
Q

How are different antibodies generated?

A

generated by editing the genes in ig classes of B cells that produce antibodies. this results in a large variety

19
Q

What are T cell receptors?

A

glycoproteins located at the surface of T cell

20
Q

What do t-cells have in common with B cells?

A

manifest specificty and diversity
bind to antigens
diversity generated by gene rearrangments

21
Q

Where do B and T cells mature?

A

B-Bone marrow

T-Thymus

22
Q

B lymphocyte structure

A

have antibodies on the outside of the cell that bind to antigens. tells the cell there is a foreign object with that specificity.
Each B cell has its own antigen specificity

23
Q

B lymphocyte activation?

A

antigen binding or interaction with helper T cell

24
Q

Clonal selection

A

when a B cell or other cell binds with a certain antigen, the cell is cloned

25
Q

plasma B cells

A

release antibodies

26
Q

memory B cells

A

kept in circulation after an infection and clonal selection to allow for speedy attack when next exposure occurs

27
Q

What do antibodies do

A

membrane receptors on B cells

coat viruses and bacteria, preventing epithelia attacthment and allow for macrophage recognition and destruction

28
Q

Helper T cells

A

provide links between macrophages, humoural immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

29
Q

APCs and MHC

A

macrophages are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and is part of the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC) presenting the antigen to helper T cells

30
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

activated by helper T cells and infected cells
poke holes in cells with perforin.
also have a memory component

31
Q

somatic hypermutation

A

allow for a greater second response time because it occurs during the proliferation of the memory cells

32
Q

acquired immunity

A

immunity from a previous exposure and/or vaccination

33
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies supplied directly from the outside

34
Q

ANtibodies made in labs

A

raise antibodies for specific molecules and attach a flourescent label to the antibody

35
Q

polyclonal antibodies

A

different epitope specifities and different epitopes of the same antigen

36
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

all have the same epitopic speicificity and bind to one epitope only

37
Q

What are the A and B antigens on RBCs?

A

oligosaccharide chains attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids

38
Q

what does type A blood have?

A

A antigen and produces anti-B antibodies

39
Q

what does type B blood have?

A

B antigen and produces anti-A antibodies

40
Q

Type AB blood?

A

has both A and B antigens but produces no antobodies

41
Q

Type O blood?

A

has no antigens but produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

42
Q

Universal donor?

A

Type O

43
Q

Universal receiver?

A

Type AB

44
Q

glutination

A

the clumping of blood cells when antigens react with antibodies

Biol Behind the news (9 decks)

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