IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
This is any substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body.
Pathogens
2 types of pathogens
Foreign
Self
antigens are from outside of the body. For example, you have your bacteria, viruses, pollens, especially for allergic reactions.
Foreign Pathogens
are molecules that the body produces to stimulate an immune system response.
Self pathogens
Example of self pathogen
example would be tumor antigens, which are secreted by your cells that are responsible for proliferation and growth of tumors or any mass.
One of the major actors in the activity of the immune system
Lymphatics
lymphatic system is composed of the?
lymph, lymphatic capillaries and vessels, lymphatic organs such as your tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
the fluid found inside the lymphatic capillaries that contains water, solutes, hormones, enzymes, and waste products derived from two sources.
Lymph
Lymph contains what?
Water
Solutes
Hormones
Enzymes
Waste products
Lymph derives from two sources
Blood capillaries
Cells within the tissues
tiny, closed ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium lining.
lymphatic capillaries
role of the valves
ensure that the fluid or the lymph flows in one direction from the tissues to the circulatory system
to make sure that, the fluid goes in one direction. What happens to the valve?
valve opens and closes
T/F
lymphatic capillaries are present in most tissues except in the CNS, the bone marrow, and tissues that lack blood vessels
True
when the lymphatic capillaries converge, they will become
lymphatic vessels.
They have a beaded appearance because they also have one way valves to prevent the backflow of the lymph.
lymphatic vessels.
sole purpose of your valves
prevent the backflow of the lymph.
other methods to ensure one way direction of the lymph.
- contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles
- periodic contraction of the smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall.
- pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
when the muscles contract, it will compress the sides of your lymphatic vessels. This will make sure that the lymph will flow in one direction.
contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles
So the walls of your lymphatic vessel is made up of your
simple squamous epithelium tissue
T or F
any compression of the lymphatic vessels can facilitate the movement of the lymph
True
vessels from the right upper limb, right half of the head, neck, and the chest, they all drain into the ?
right lymphatic duct
all the lymph in the right lymphatic duct will go back into the circulation of the blood through the
Right subclavian vein
So other lymphatic vessels for the rest of the body, they all drain into the
Thoracic duct
What vessels can be drain into the right lymphatic duct?
Right upper limb
Right half of the heads
Neck
Chest
all the lymph in the thoracic duct will drain into the
left subclavian vein
They are composed of lymphatic tissue, meaning they house many lymphocytes and other defense cells.
Lymphatic organs
part of the white blood cell family, which helps fight off pathogens.
Lymphocytes
There are 3 types of tonsils that are found inside the mouth
palatine tonsil, pharyngeal, and the lingual tonsil.
An enlarged pharyngeal tonsil called?
Adenoid
These are rounded structures distributed along the various lymphatic vessels. So there are two classifications of lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes
two classifications of lymph nodes.
Superficial and deep
- found closer to the skin.
- they are found on the deeper structures of the body, and most especially in the internal organs
- Superficial
- Deep
Under your superficial lymph node are?
Initial nodes in ground
Axillary. Odes in axilla
Cervical nodes In neck
Examples of DEEP LN
Retroperitoneal nodes behind the peritoneum
Mesenteric nodes are found along the lining of the intestine.
This is a dense connective tissue that surrounds each lymph node.
Capsule
extensions of the capsule that subdivide a lymph node into compartments.
trabeculae
composed also of your lymphatic nodules, which is a dense abdication or dense cluster of lymphocytes
trabeculae
The lymph enters the lymph node via
The afferent lymphatic vessel
after the lymph has gone through the entire lymphatic tissue and it has already been, filtered out, it will exit through the ?
Efferent lymphatic vessels
what happens to the lymph is that the lymph nodes, there will be
immune system activation.
Where is lymphocytes divided?
General center
same size as that of a clenched fist, and it is located in the left upper quadrant or left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
Spleen
Spleen has this which divides the spleen into compartments
Trabeculae
the region of the spleen surrounding the arteries, and it is mostly composed of your lymphoid tissues or your white blood cells.
White pulp
Area associated with the veins
Red pulp
This filters the blood instead of the lymph
Spleen
It detects and responds to foreign substances in the blood and destroy old and damaged red blood cells.
Spleen
otherwise known as the graveyard for your dead RBCs
Spleen
bilobed gland, roughly triangular in shape, that is found in the superior mediastinum here.
Thymus
It is dark staining. It contains lymphocytes.
Cortex
lighter staining
Medulla
the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called T cells.
Thymus
How many liters of fluid actually diffuses from the blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces per day
30 liters
How many liters would enter the lymphatic capillaries
3 liters
absorbs lipids from the digestive tract through the
Lacteals
the fluid that contains, high lipid content of lymph and it is whitish in color.
Chyle
This is the ability to resist damage from pathogens, harmful chemicals, and other internal threats, such as your cancer cells
Immunity
2 types or 2 branches of your immunity.
Innate
Adaptive
the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed.
Innate
under the innate immunity, you have your physical barriers such as
Skin
Mucous membrane
the body recognizes and destroys the pathogen, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered.
Adaptive
Other call for adaptive immunity
Specific resistance
Other call for adaptive immunity
Specific resistance
Under adaptive immunity
Active and passive
Under adaptive immunity
Active and passive
is the ability to recognize a particular substance.
Specificity
is the ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance.
Memory
Special characteristics of adaptive immunity
Specificity and memory
it prevents the entry of pathogens into the body.
Physical barriers
T or F
So skin and mucous membranes should be intact.
True
Chemical mediators
Lysozyme
Mucus
Histamine
Complement
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
which is an enzyme secreted from tears in saliva. So they are able to kill or destroy certain pathogens.
which is an enzyme secreted from tears in saliva. So they are able to kill or destroy certain pathogens.
a secretion from mucous membranes
Mucus
These are chemicals or proteins that protect the body against viral infections by inhibiting viral reproduction.
Interferons
a group of more than 20 proteins
Complement system
it will just complement to promote inflammation, phagocytosis, and destruction of the cell.
20 proteins
most important cellular components of immunity.
WBC
WBC needs chemicals such as?
Leukotienes
Kinase
Histamine
process of actually attracting your white blood cells to go into a particular area is called
Chemotaxis
The white blood cells have two major actions.
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
this is the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called the phagocytes.
Phagocytosis
immune response that results in redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Inflammation
they contain granules
Granulocytes
these are, white blood cells that do not contain granules.
Agranulocytes
It has a nucleus with 2 to 4 lobes connected with a thin filament. Here. Here, you can you can see that there’s one lobe, another lobe, and then this is another lobe, which has a thin filament connecting in between.
Neutrophil
Primary action of neutrophil
Used to phagocytize microorganisms
1st WBC that will respond to any presence of a pathogen.
Neutrophil
2 Lobes
releases the chemical histamine, which promotes inflammation, and it also releases the chemical heparin, which is to prevent the formation of clot.
Basophil
Its nucleus is often bilobed, so it has 2 lobes. And its, physical appearance is usually orange red or bright red.
They also participate in inflammatory response, most especially during allergic reactions and infections with parasites
Eosinophil
for allergic reactions and infection with worm parasites.
Eosinophils
Under agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
contains the, round nucleus, and its cytoplasm forms a thin ring. So its main function is to produce antibodies
Lymphocytes
they are kidney shaped. Its nucleus is kidney shaped or horseshoe shaped.
they also ingest, pathogens in the blood.
Monocytes
Called Monocyte in blood but in the tissue, it is called?
Macrophage
Major phagocytes in group of WBC
Monocytes
Neutrophils
common myeloid progenitor cell will differentiate into
megakaryocyte, into an erythrocyte, or it could be a mast cell, or it could be a myeloblast
megakaryocyte here would differentiate into
Thrombocytes or platelets
myeloblast will still differentiate into the following.
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocytes
myeloblast will still differentiate into the following.
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Natural killer cell
Small lymphocytes
small lymphocyte will differentiate further into
T lymphocyte or most famously known as their T cells.
B lymphocyte
small lymphocyte will differentiate further into
T lymphocyte or most famously known as their T cells.
B lymphocyte
B cells would further evolve or differentiate into
Plasma cell
known to die after phagocytizing a single microorganism.
Neutrophil
Monocytes + macrophages
mononuclear phagocytic system.
macrophages in the lungs are called
Dust
macrophages found in the liver are called
Cutler cells
macrophages found in the NCS are called
Microglia
these are the type of lymphocytes still under the lymphoid progenitor line. They do not exhibit a memory response that’s why they are still considered as part of innate immunity. Although they are a type of lymphocyte, but they are more into innate immunity because they don’t have memory. They directly kill pathogens through cell lysis
Natural killer cells
a process wherein the blood vessels will increase in its diameter
Vasodilation
the bacteria is gone, then what repair will follow.
Tertiary
2 types of inflammation
local inflammation, and then we have the systemic inflammation.
confined to a specific area of the body. It’s just in one area.
Local inflammation
this is generally distributed throughout the body. So it simply signifies that the whole body is actually experiencing the process of inflammation.
systemic inflammation,
5 local signs + 3 additional features
increase in the number of neutrophil production.
individuals may experience fever due to the release of, pyrogens.
increased fluid loss due to increasing vascular permeability.
chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells that will stimulate the fever.
Pyrogens
an overall problem or a systemic problem wherein there is a decreased blood supply to major parts of the body such as the lungs, kidneys, brain
Shock
Adaptive immunity has two branches.
Antibody mediated
Cell mediated
antibody mediated, it is otherwise known as your
Humoral mediated
involves the destroying of pathogens that are found in the bodily fluids.
Mediated adaptive immunity
Group of lymphocytes in antibody adaptive immunity
B cells and proteins called antibodies produced by the plasma cells
the cell mediated immunity, the main character would be your
T CELLS
There are 2 major types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
these are the ones that would actually destroy the pathogen.
Cytotoxic T Cells
just help promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody mediated and cell mediated immunity.
Helper T Cells
where do these lymphocytes come from?
Stem cells
Stem cells are found in?
Bone marrow
Where do Pre T cells migrate?
Where do Pre T cells migrate?
Thymus
Where do Pre B cells stay for maturation?
Bone marrow for maturation
What antibody’s looks like
It is white shaped, and it consists of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 of which are heavy chains, and then 2 of which are light chains.
This is found on end of each arm. This is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen
This is found on end of each arm.
refers to the rest of the antibody. So, their role is to activate the complement which will help them destroy the pathogen or they could serve as the attachment site of the antibody to specific cells.
Constantly region
Other terms for antibodies
Immunoglobulins
they are globulin proteins involved in immunity.
Immunoglobulin
5 IMMUNOGLOBULINS
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
most abundant.
It can cross the placenta.
IgG
It is the biggest immunoglobulin.
this is the first antibody produced.
IgM
This is secreted into bodily fluids or body fluids, such as your saliva and mucous membrane, or even milk
IgA
This is essential in releasing histamine, especially during allergic reactions.
it binds to mast cells and basophils to release histamine during allergic reactions
IgE
serves as a as an antigen binding receptor on B cells
IgD
IgM has many branches/subunits?
5 branches
T or F
So this antibody is attached to an antigen and then the constant region of the antibody is attached to a macrophage.
T
So, how are antibodies produced?
Produced by the plasma cells
response results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen.
Primary response
B cells is activated
Undergoes cell division ( what 2 velds are separated)
Plasma cell > antibodies
Memory B cells
How many days to produce enough antibodies to be effective against anitgen
3-14 days
immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response. So here, what happens is that the antigen, the same antigen is attached to the b cells, then the membrane b cells will quickly divide and it will form plasma cells, and it will rapidly produce antibodies.
Secondary response
T cells could either release
cytokines or chemokines
So how does it help activate it? It will release chemicals called ___________ 2. So the interleukin 2 will, help stimulate your cytotoxic T cells to divide
Interleukin 2
4 ways to acquire adaptive immunity.
Active natural immunity
Active artificial immunity
Passive natural immunity
Passive artificial immunity
it simply signifies that the individual or the person himself is exposed to an antigen. the individual himself is the one that’s creating from scratch the immunoglobulins or the antibodies.
Active immunity
when another person or an animal develops an immunity, and then it creates an immunoglobulins or it creates antibodies, and then that particular immunity or that particular antibody is extracted from that person or animal and is transferred to another individual.
Passive immunity
this is a method of transfer or this is a method of creation of antibodies that is not deliberate. It was not forced or it was not deliberate.
So the body just creates on its own.
Natural active immunity
this is a method of transfer or this is a method of creation of antibodies that is not deliberate. It was not forced or it was not deliberate.
So the body just creates on its own.
Natural active immunity
Example of active natural immunity
Chicken pox
Varicella infection
Measles infection
antibodies are transferred from the mother to her child across the placenta. So during, during pregnancy, the mother is actually connected to her child through the placenta.
passive natural immunity
Ig that is very abundant in the breast milk of the mother.
IgA
these are antibodies that are, preformed. But the difference along with your passive natural and passive artificial is that the the source of the immunoglobulins are actually other persons or other animals or from the laboratory.
passive artificial immunity
What Ig can be passed in the placenta?
IgG
T or F
passive artificial is just permanent
False
Once we age, what will ithe immune system responses
we lose the ability to produce new mature T cells in the thymus
Fewer T Cells instead
Fewer mature T Cells
Both antibody and cell mediated immunity responses to antigens decrease. Primary and secondary, antibody responses also decrease.
In the elderly, the immune response is lower due to less antibody produced because of
Fewer memory cell
Decreased immunity can also lead to
Reactivated pathogen
this is when the body is unable to differentiate between self and non self.
Autoimmune disease
this is when the body is unable to differentiate between self and non self.
Autoimmune disease
