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ANAPHY > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

This is any substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body.

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

2 types of pathogens

A

Foreign
Self

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3
Q

antigens are from outside of the body. For example, you have your bacteria, viruses, pollens, especially for allergic reactions.

A

Foreign Pathogens

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4
Q

are molecules that the body produces to stimulate an immune system response.

A

Self pathogens

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5
Q

Example of self pathogen

A

example would be tumor antigens, which are secreted by your cells that are responsible for proliferation and growth of tumors or any mass.

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6
Q

One of the major actors in the activity of the immune system

A

Lymphatics

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7
Q

lymphatic system is composed of the?

A

lymph, lymphatic capillaries and vessels, lymphatic organs such as your tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

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8
Q

the fluid found inside the lymphatic capillaries that contains water, solutes, hormones, enzymes, and waste products derived from two sources.

A

Lymph

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9
Q

Lymph contains what?

A

Water
Solutes
Hormones
Enzymes
Waste products

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10
Q

Lymph derives from two sources

A

Blood capillaries
Cells within the tissues

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11
Q

tiny, closed ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium lining.

A

lymphatic capillaries

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12
Q

role of the valves

A

ensure that the fluid or the lymph flows in one direction from the tissues to the circulatory system

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13
Q

to make sure that, the fluid goes in one direction. What happens to the valve?

A

valve opens and closes

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14
Q

T/F

lymphatic capillaries are present in most tissues except in the CNS, the bone marrow, and tissues that lack blood vessels

A

True

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15
Q

when the lymphatic capillaries converge, they will become

A

lymphatic vessels.

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16
Q

They have a beaded appearance because they also have one way valves to prevent the backflow of the lymph.

A

lymphatic vessels.

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17
Q

sole purpose of your valves

A

prevent the backflow of the lymph.

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18
Q

other methods to ensure one way direction of the lymph.

A
  1. contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles
  2. periodic contraction of the smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall.
  3. pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
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19
Q

when the muscles contract, it will compress the sides of your lymphatic vessels. This will make sure that the lymph will flow in one direction.

A

contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles

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20
Q

So the walls of your lymphatic vessel is made up of your

A

simple squamous epithelium tissue

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21
Q

T or F

any compression of the lymphatic vessels can facilitate the movement of the lymph

A

True

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22
Q

vessels from the right upper limb, right half of the head, neck, and the chest, they all drain into the ?

A

right lymphatic duct

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23
Q

all the lymph in the right lymphatic duct will go back into the circulation of the blood through the

A

Right subclavian vein

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24
Q

So other lymphatic vessels for the rest of the body, they all drain into the

A

Thoracic duct

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25
Q

What vessels can be drain into the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right upper limb
Right half of the heads
Neck
Chest

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26
Q

all the lymph in the thoracic duct will drain into the

A

left subclavian vein

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27
Q

They are composed of lymphatic tissue, meaning they house many lymphocytes and other defense cells.

A

Lymphatic organs

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28
Q

part of the white blood cell family, which helps fight off pathogens.

A

Lymphocytes

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29
Q

There are 3 types of tonsils that are found inside the mouth

A

palatine tonsil, pharyngeal, and the lingual tonsil.

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30
Q

An enlarged pharyngeal tonsil called?

A

Adenoid

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31
Q

These are rounded structures distributed along the various lymphatic vessels. So there are two classifications of lymph nodes.

A

Lymph nodes

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32
Q

two classifications of lymph nodes.

A

Superficial and deep

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33
Q
  1. found closer to the skin.
  2. they are found on the deeper structures of the body, and most especially in the internal organs
A
  1. Superficial
  2. Deep
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34
Q

Under your superficial lymph node are?

A

Initial nodes in ground
Axillary. Odes in axilla
Cervical nodes In neck

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35
Q

Examples of DEEP LN

A

Retroperitoneal nodes behind the peritoneum

Mesenteric nodes are found along the lining of the intestine.

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36
Q

This is a dense connective tissue that surrounds each lymph node.

A

Capsule

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37
Q

extensions of the capsule that subdivide a lymph node into compartments.

A

trabeculae

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38
Q

composed also of your lymphatic nodules, which is a dense abdication or dense cluster of lymphocytes

A

trabeculae

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39
Q

The lymph enters the lymph node via

A

The afferent lymphatic vessel

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40
Q

after the lymph has gone through the entire lymphatic tissue and it has already been, filtered out, it will exit through the ?

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

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41
Q

what happens to the lymph is that the lymph nodes, there will be

A

immune system activation.

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42
Q

Where is lymphocytes divided?

A

General center

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43
Q

same size as that of a clenched fist, and it is located in the left upper quadrant or left hypochondriac region of the abdomen

A

Spleen

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44
Q

Spleen has this which divides the spleen into compartments

A

Trabeculae

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45
Q

the region of the spleen surrounding the arteries, and it is mostly composed of your lymphoid tissues or your white blood cells.

A

White pulp

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46
Q

Area associated with the veins

A

Red pulp

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47
Q

This filters the blood instead of the lymph

A

Spleen

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48
Q

It detects and responds to foreign substances in the blood and destroy old and damaged red blood cells.

A

Spleen

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49
Q

otherwise known as the graveyard for your dead RBCs

A

Spleen

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50
Q

bilobed gland, roughly triangular in shape, that is found in the superior mediastinum here.

A

Thymus

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51
Q

It is dark staining. It contains lymphocytes.

A

Cortex

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52
Q

lighter staining

A

Medulla

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53
Q

the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called T cells.

A

Thymus

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54
Q

How many liters of fluid actually diffuses from the blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces per day

A

30 liters

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55
Q

How many liters would enter the lymphatic capillaries

A

3 liters

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56
Q

absorbs lipids from the digestive tract through the

A

Lacteals

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57
Q

the fluid that contains, high lipid content of lymph and it is whitish in color.

A

Chyle

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58
Q

This is the ability to resist damage from pathogens, harmful chemicals, and other internal threats, such as your cancer cells

A

Immunity

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59
Q

2 types or 2 branches of your immunity.

A

Innate
Adaptive

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60
Q

the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed.

A

Innate

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61
Q

under the innate immunity, you have your physical barriers such as

A

Skin
Mucous membrane

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62
Q

the body recognizes and destroys the pathogen, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered.

A

Adaptive

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63
Q

Other call for adaptive immunity

A

Specific resistance

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64
Q

Other call for adaptive immunity

A

Specific resistance

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65
Q

Under adaptive immunity

A

Active and passive

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66
Q

Under adaptive immunity

A

Active and passive

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67
Q

is the ability to recognize a particular substance.

A

Specificity

68
Q

is the ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance.

A

Memory

69
Q

Special characteristics of adaptive immunity

A

Specificity and memory

70
Q

it prevents the entry of pathogens into the body.

A

Physical barriers

71
Q

T or F

So skin and mucous membranes should be intact.

A

True

72
Q

Chemical mediators

A

Lysozyme
Mucus
Histamine
Complement
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes

73
Q

which is an enzyme secreted from tears in saliva. So they are able to kill or destroy certain pathogens.

A

which is an enzyme secreted from tears in saliva. So they are able to kill or destroy certain pathogens.

74
Q

a secretion from mucous membranes

A

Mucus

75
Q

These are chemicals or proteins that protect the body against viral infections by inhibiting viral reproduction.

A

Interferons

76
Q

a group of more than 20 proteins

A

Complement system

77
Q

it will just complement to promote inflammation, phagocytosis, and destruction of the cell.

A

20 proteins

78
Q

most important cellular components of immunity.

A

WBC

79
Q

WBC needs chemicals such as?

A

Leukotienes
Kinase
Histamine

80
Q

process of actually attracting your white blood cells to go into a particular area is called

A

Chemotaxis

81
Q

The white blood cells have two major actions.

A

Phagocytosis
Inflammation

82
Q

this is the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called the phagocytes.

A

Phagocytosis

83
Q

immune response that results in redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

A

Inflammation

84
Q

they contain granules

A

Granulocytes

85
Q

these are, white blood cells that do not contain granules.

A

Agranulocytes

86
Q

It has a nucleus with 2 to 4 lobes connected with a thin filament. Here. Here, you can you can see that there’s one lobe, another lobe, and then this is another lobe, which has a thin filament connecting in between.

A

Neutrophil

87
Q

Primary action of neutrophil

A

Used to phagocytize microorganisms

88
Q

1st WBC that will respond to any presence of a pathogen.

A

Neutrophil

89
Q

2 Lobes
releases the chemical histamine, which promotes inflammation, and it also releases the chemical heparin, which is to prevent the formation of clot.

A

Basophil

90
Q

Its nucleus is often bilobed, so it has 2 lobes. And its, physical appearance is usually orange red or bright red.

They also participate in inflammatory response, most especially during allergic reactions and infections with parasites

A

Eosinophil

91
Q

for allergic reactions and infection with worm parasites.

A

Eosinophils

92
Q

Under agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

93
Q

contains the, round nucleus, and its cytoplasm forms a thin ring. So its main function is to produce antibodies

A

Lymphocytes

94
Q

they are kidney shaped. Its nucleus is kidney shaped or horseshoe shaped.

they also ingest, pathogens in the blood.

A

Monocytes

95
Q

Called Monocyte in blood but in the tissue, it is called?

A

Macrophage

96
Q

Major phagocytes in group of WBC

A

Monocytes
Neutrophils

97
Q

common myeloid progenitor cell will differentiate into

A

megakaryocyte, into an erythrocyte, or it could be a mast cell, or it could be a myeloblast

98
Q

megakaryocyte here would differentiate into

A

Thrombocytes or platelets

99
Q

myeloblast will still differentiate into the following.

A

Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocytes

100
Q

myeloblast will still differentiate into the following.

A

Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte

101
Q
A

Natural killer cell
Small lymphocytes

102
Q

small lymphocyte will differentiate further into

A

T lymphocyte or most famously known as their T cells.

B lymphocyte

103
Q

small lymphocyte will differentiate further into

A

T lymphocyte or most famously known as their T cells.

B lymphocyte

104
Q

B cells would further evolve or differentiate into

A

Plasma cell

105
Q

known to die after phagocytizing a single microorganism.

A

Neutrophil

106
Q

Monocytes + macrophages

A

mononuclear phagocytic system.

107
Q

macrophages in the lungs are called

A

Dust

108
Q

macrophages found in the liver are called

A

Cutler cells

109
Q

macrophages found in the NCS are called

A

Microglia

110
Q

these are the type of lymphocytes still under the lymphoid progenitor line. They do not exhibit a memory response that’s why they are still considered as part of innate immunity. Although they are a type of lymphocyte, but they are more into innate immunity because they don’t have memory. They directly kill pathogens through cell lysis

A

Natural killer cells

111
Q

a process wherein the blood vessels will increase in its diameter

A

Vasodilation

112
Q

the bacteria is gone, then what repair will follow.

A

Tertiary

113
Q

2 types of inflammation

A

local inflammation, and then we have the systemic inflammation.

114
Q

confined to a specific area of the body. It’s just in one area.

A

Local inflammation

115
Q

this is generally distributed throughout the body. So it simply signifies that the whole body is actually experiencing the process of inflammation.

A

systemic inflammation,

116
Q

5 local signs + 3 additional features

A

increase in the number of neutrophil production.

individuals may experience fever due to the release of, pyrogens.

increased fluid loss due to increasing vascular permeability.

117
Q

chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells that will stimulate the fever.

A

Pyrogens

118
Q

an overall problem or a systemic problem wherein there is a decreased blood supply to major parts of the body such as the lungs, kidneys, brain

A

Shock

119
Q

Adaptive immunity has two branches.

A

Antibody mediated
Cell mediated

120
Q

antibody mediated, it is otherwise known as your

A

Humoral mediated

121
Q

involves the destroying of pathogens that are found in the bodily fluids.

A

Mediated adaptive immunity

122
Q

Group of lymphocytes in antibody adaptive immunity

A

B cells and proteins called antibodies produced by the plasma cells

123
Q

the cell mediated immunity, the main character would be your

A

T CELLS

124
Q

There are 2 major types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells

125
Q

these are the ones that would actually destroy the pathogen.

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

126
Q

just help promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody mediated and cell mediated immunity.

A

Helper T Cells

127
Q

where do these lymphocytes come from?

A

Stem cells

128
Q

Stem cells are found in?

A

Bone marrow

129
Q

Where do Pre T cells migrate?

A
130
Q

Where do Pre T cells migrate?

A

Thymus

131
Q

Where do Pre B cells stay for maturation?

A

Bone marrow for maturation

132
Q

What antibody’s looks like

A

It is white shaped, and it consists of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 of which are heavy chains, and then 2 of which are light chains.

133
Q

This is found on end of each arm. This is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen

A

This is found on end of each arm.

134
Q

refers to the rest of the antibody. So, their role is to activate the complement which will help them destroy the pathogen or they could serve as the attachment site of the antibody to specific cells.

A

Constantly region

135
Q

Other terms for antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins

136
Q

they are globulin proteins involved in immunity.

A

Immunoglobulin

137
Q

5 IMMUNOGLOBULINS

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD

138
Q

most abundant.
It can cross the placenta.

A

IgG

139
Q

It is the biggest immunoglobulin.

this is the first antibody produced.

A

IgM

140
Q

This is secreted into bodily fluids or body fluids, such as your saliva and mucous membrane, or even milk

A

IgA

141
Q

This is essential in releasing histamine, especially during allergic reactions.

it binds to mast cells and basophils to release histamine during allergic reactions

A

IgE

142
Q

serves as a as an antigen binding receptor on B cells

A

IgD

143
Q

IgM has many branches/subunits?

A

5 branches

144
Q

T or F
So this antibody is attached to an antigen and then the constant region of the antibody is attached to a macrophage.

A

T

145
Q

So, how are antibodies produced?

A

Produced by the plasma cells

146
Q

response results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen.

A

Primary response

147
Q

B cells is activated
Undergoes cell division ( what 2 velds are separated)

A

Plasma cell > antibodies
Memory B cells

148
Q

How many days to produce enough antibodies to be effective against anitgen

A

3-14 days

149
Q

immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response. So here, what happens is that the antigen, the same antigen is attached to the b cells, then the membrane b cells will quickly divide and it will form plasma cells, and it will rapidly produce antibodies.

A

Secondary response

150
Q

T cells could either release

A

cytokines or chemokines

151
Q

So how does it help activate it? It will release chemicals called ___________ 2. So the interleukin 2 will, help stimulate your cytotoxic T cells to divide

A

Interleukin 2

152
Q

4 ways to acquire adaptive immunity.

A

Active natural immunity
Active artificial immunity
Passive natural immunity
Passive artificial immunity

153
Q

it simply signifies that the individual or the person himself is exposed to an antigen. the individual himself is the one that’s creating from scratch the immunoglobulins or the antibodies.

A

Active immunity

154
Q

when another person or an animal develops an immunity, and then it creates an immunoglobulins or it creates antibodies, and then that particular immunity or that particular antibody is extracted from that person or animal and is transferred to another individual.

A

Passive immunity

155
Q

this is a method of transfer or this is a method of creation of antibodies that is not deliberate. It was not forced or it was not deliberate.

So the body just creates on its own.

A

Natural active immunity

156
Q

this is a method of transfer or this is a method of creation of antibodies that is not deliberate. It was not forced or it was not deliberate.

So the body just creates on its own.

A

Natural active immunity

157
Q

Example of active natural immunity

A

Chicken pox
Varicella infection
Measles infection

158
Q

antibodies are transferred from the mother to her child across the placenta. So during, during pregnancy, the mother is actually connected to her child through the placenta.

A

passive natural immunity

159
Q

Ig that is very abundant in the breast milk of the mother.

A

IgA

160
Q

these are antibodies that are, preformed. But the difference along with your passive natural and passive artificial is that the the source of the immunoglobulins are actually other persons or other animals or from the laboratory.

A

passive artificial immunity

161
Q

What Ig can be passed in the placenta?

A

IgG

162
Q

T or F

passive artificial is just permanent

A

False

163
Q

Once we age, what will ithe immune system responses

A

we lose the ability to produce new mature T cells in the thymus

Fewer T Cells instead
Fewer mature T Cells

Both antibody and cell mediated immunity responses to antigens decrease. Primary and secondary, antibody responses also decrease.

164
Q

In the elderly, the immune response is lower due to less antibody produced because of

A

Fewer memory cell

165
Q

Decreased immunity can also lead to

A

Reactivated pathogen

166
Q

this is when the body is unable to differentiate between self and non self.

A

Autoimmune disease

167
Q

this is when the body is unable to differentiate between self and non self.

A

Autoimmune disease

ANAPHY (3 decks)

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