Immune System Flashcards
Which of the following is a non-specific immune response?
Cytokine-mediated inflammation
( Inflammation mediated by cytokines is a non-specific response to injury or infection)
Which of the following is not considered a non-specific defense of the innate immune system?
Antibody production
( Antibodies are produced by B-cells as part of an adaptive immune response)
Which of the following are innate immune system cells that attack host cells harboring and intracellular pathogen?
Natural killer cells
(These cells sample and attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens)
Name some innate immune system components?
Leukocyte
Monocyte
Dendritic cells
NK cells
Complement
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Toll-like receptors
Interferon
PAMPs
Antimicrobial proteins
Physical barriers
Chemical secretions
Lysozyme
What is the job of the immune system?
protect the body from disease-causing agents
What are the two major components of the immune system?
innate immune system - (a non-specific reponse)
adaptive immune system - ( acquired or respond to specific antigens)
What is the job of lymph nodes?
- pathogens enter the body through them
- they contain large number of antigen presenting cells that can trigger the adaptive immune system.
Define the innate immune system?
It is a series of nonspecific barriers—physical, cellular, and soluble components—that impede pathogens from entering the body or multiplying.
Name the innate immune system external barriers?
-physical barrier (of the skin and mucus secretions)
- chemical barriers- (low pH, enzymes, salt)
- cellular barriers- (commensal microorganisms)
If a pathogen breaches the external barriers of the innate immune system and enters the blood and tissue, what are the [internal barriers] of the innate immune system that fight the pathogens off?
- antimicrobial peptides, interferons that prevent viral replication,
- complement, which involves binding of antibodies to the pathogen;
- inflammation reactions, including fever; (natural killer or NK),
- lymphocyte cells that attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens;
- phagocytic cells that engulf and digest extracellular pathogens
- Macrophages and dendritic cells - respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through toll-like receptors and trigger an inflammation or antigen presentation.
What is the adaptive immune system?
a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodoes to a particullar antigen are present in the body.
How does the adaptive immune system work and respond?
It responds by remembering signature molecules, called antigens, from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed.
How do the adaptive immune systems functional cells work to produce antibodies?
1st.
[antigen-presenting cells (APCs)] digest pathogens and present the pathogens antigen signature to [‘helper’ T-cells].
2nd.
when a [helper T-cell] encounters a [cytotoxic T-cell] that recognizes the same antigen, it produces [Cytokines] that activate the cytotoxic T-cell
3rd.
The [cytotoxic T-cell] then searches out and destroys any cell that contains the pathogens antigen signature, and the [Helper T-cell] activates [B-cells] that recognize the pathogens antigen signature.
4th.
The [B-cells] are induced to multiply rapidly into [plasma cells] that produce large amounts of antibodies that can bind the antigen and kill it.
5th.
Once the antigen is killed, [plasma cells] stop making antibodies and produce memory cells that remember the antigen.
Give an example of a disease presented from an malfunctioning underactive immune system?
AIDS
its caused by a virus HIV
How does HIV cause the immune system to malfunction resulting in AIDS?
it infects helper T-cells and prevents it from activating cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells, preventing the adaptive immune system from operating.
What can result from an malfunctioning overactive immune system?
It can target foreign particles, causing the body to go into overdrive by producing huge amounts of IgE that trigger [histamine release] from mast cells causing [allergies]
When an immune system malfunctions and mistakenly targets a host molecule as a foreign antigen (body attacks itself), what is the result?
an [autoimmune disease]
Give an example of passive immunity?
immunity distinguished protection through passive intoduction of antibodies as a protective agent.
an antidote for a snakebite
Give an example of active immunity?
When a pathogen is given to a host or person in order for their body to produce antibodies to the pathogen for protection.
Vaccination
Name the adaptive immune system components?
B-cells, T-cells, Natural killer cells, macrophage
What are the three types of white blood cells aka Leukocytes?
Granulocytes, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Name the 3 type of Granulocytes and their role?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Name the 3 types of Lymphocytes and their role?
B-cells
T-cells
Natural killer cells
Name a type of Monocyte and its role?
Macrophage
role- engulf and destroy microbes, foreign substances, and cancer cells
Which type of cells produce and release antibodies?
C Plasma B cells.
What are Natural killer cells?
A type of immune cell that plays a role in the innate immune response.
What are Cytotoxic T-cells?
A type of T-cell that kills cancer cells and cells infected with viruses.
What are Helper T-cells?
A type of T-cell that helps activate other immune cells.
