IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
DEFENDS THE HOST AGAINST PATHOGENS
USES DIFFERENT recognition systems to effectively eliminate the invading pathogen or its product.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
function of complement
cell lysis
2 components of immunity
INNATE IMMUNITY AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
ALSO CALLED AS NATURAL IMMUNITY
INNATE IMMUNITY
ALSO CALLED AS ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
adaptive immunity
IMMEDIATE RESPONSE TO THE PATHOGEN THAT DOES NOT CONFER LONG-LASTING PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
innate immunity
IMMUNE RESPONSE CAN BE ANTIBODY MEDIATED (HUMORAL), CELL MEDIATED (CELLULAR) OR BOTH THAT TAKES SEVERAL DAYS TO RESPOND
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
natural immunity
also called as non-specific
innate immunity
also called as adaptive immunity
specific
these are considered non-adaptive ornon-specific and are the same for all pathogensor foreign substances to which one is exposed.
natural immunity
present at birth and is activated in the same manner each time the individual is subject to challenge
natural immunity
a type of resistace that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure
acquired immunity (so unu pangilahan mo dii???)
- response to foreign antigenic stimulus
- results in acquisition of immunologic memory and the production of antibody
- reacts specificall with the antigen that caused its production.
acquired immunity
what are the cells in natural immunity
granular: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, dentritic cells
cell surface receptors:
innate immune system & adaptive immune system
a limited number of “hard-wired” pattern recognition receptors.
innate immune system
an enormous number of somatically generated receptors via gene rearrangement.
adaptive immune system
\+type of immunity \+specificity \+effective immediately after exposure to microbe \+improves after exposure \+has memory
innate, adaptive nonspecific, highly specific yes acts within minutes, no several days before becoming effective no, yes no, yes
firstline of defence and second line of defense
innate immunty
third line of defense
adaptive immunity
external defense system
first line of defense,
internal defense system
2nd & 3rd line of defense
composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents frm entering the body
first line of defense
physical char. in first line of defense
skin and mucosal membrane suraces
biochemical char i 1st line of defense
lactic acid
fatty acids
ucous secretions
lysozome
what defenses have in this part of the body:
- ear
- eyes
- nasal cavity
- mouth cavity
- skin
- trachea and bronchi
- urethra
- stomach
- vagina
- anus
ear=cerumen eyes=tears nasal cavity=hairs and mucous trap org. mouthcavity=mucous mem. traps microorg skin=impervious barrier trachea and bronchi=mucous layer traps micro. urethra=urine anus=mucous membrane stomach=acidic juices vagina=acidic secretions
both cells and soluble factors play essential parts
- i
second line of defense
it recognizes molecules that areacquired to infectious organisms
s2nd line of defense
what are the cellular cells in 2nd line of defense?
mast cells
neutrophil
macrophages
natural iller cells
what are the humoral cells in 2nd line of defense
complement
acute phase reactants, defenins
iterferon (and and B)
in the third line of defense, what are the cellular cells and the humoral cells?
cellular
- T lumphocytes
- b lymphocytes
- plasma cells
humoral
-antibodies and cytokines
what are the components of natural immunity?
cellular
humoral
acute phase reactants
inflammation
blood cells that responds to bacterial infection
neutrophil
responds to parasitic and helminthic infections and allergy
eosinophils
neutralizes basophil’s and mast cell’s products Histamine)
eosinophils
responds to allergic & hypersensitivity reactions
basophils
basophils attached in tissue
mast cells
becomes macropges when they migrate to the tissues
monocyte
2 types of macrophage
fixed and wandering
this type of macrophage is like a checkposts that will not allow the intruder to enter critical locations in the body
fixed macrophage
are roaming connective tissue throughout the body
wandering macrophage
covered with long membranous extensions
dendritic cells
phagocytize antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes
dendritic cells
most ptent phagocytic cell in the tissue
dendritic cells
most ptent phagocytic cell in the tissue
dendritic cells
most ptent phagocytic cell in the tissue
dendritic cells
most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue
dendritic cells
- large graular lyphocytes
- provides protection against viruses
- mdeiate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure
natural killercells
2 types of NK cells
lectin-like NK cell receptors
killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs)
kills extracellular organisms only.
phagocyytosis
stages of phagocytosis
- initiation stage
- chemotaxis
- engulfment
- digestion
- excretion
adherence of the bacterium to the phagocyte
initiation
activates the TLR (TLR is where organisms attach)
initiation
TLR1
mycobacteria
TLR2
gram +=gram+ bacteria
TLR4
gram - = gram negative bacteria
TLR4
gram - = gram negative bacteria
TLR4
gram - = gram negative bacteria
a process by which cells tends to move in a certain direction under the stimulation of chemical substances
cheotaxis
two effects of chemotaxis:
=chemotaxis - cells that may move toward the stimulating substance
-chemotaxis = cells move away from the stimulating substance
what does Tlr mean?
toll line receptors
a protein foundd in a fruitfly
toll
it plays an important role in antifungal immunity in the adult fly.
drosophiliaa
where is the hghest receptors of the TLR?
monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
enclosing pathogen into a phagocytic vacuole/phagosome
engulfments
opsonins
C3b
te granules then release their contents
digestion / degranulation
macrophage to move uses:
-the macophage moves
chemotaxis
substances releaased by the cells
cytokines
IL that is a mediator the host inflammatory response in natural immunity
IL-1
synthesized by mononuclear phagocytes.response to IL-1
IL-6
derived from antigen ativated T cells.
- chemotactic factor of neutrophils
- principal secondary mediators of inflammation
IL-8
the principal mediator of the host response to gram - bacteria
-against tumr cells and virally infected cells
tumor necrosis actor
- inhibits the synthesis of viral RNA and proteins
- inhibition of B cell activation and antibody production
- enhancement of T-cell activity and natural killercells
interferon
stimulate leuocyte movement and are synthesized by a variety of ell types including macrophages and endothelial cells
chemokines
contains a heat stable catioic substance with antibacterial activity
- substance that is released by platelets during coagulation
betalysins
plays a rolee in cytolytic destruction of cellular antigen by specific antibodies
complement system
lysis of foreign organisms is an important defense mechanism agaist microbial infection
cytolysis
immune adherence (what complement)
C3b
complement in immunoconglutinin
C4
complement in immunoconglutinin
C4
complement in immunoconglutinin
C4
complement in immunoconglutinin
C4
HIGHLY POSITIVE CHARGED PEPTIDES that create pores in the membranes of bacteria and therby kill them
-locatde primarily in the GI and lower respiratory tracts.
defensins
are plasma proteins that increase during the apr of inflammation
acute phase reactants
an overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
inflammation
functions of iflammation:
- to destroy injurious agent
- to limit effects on the body (confining & walling off injurious agent)
- to repair or replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation:
ruor calor dolor tumor function laesa
english term o: _calor -dolor -rubor -tumor -functio Laesa
calor=heat dolor=pain ruor=redness tumor=swelling functio laesa=loss of function
primary objective of inflammation
to localie and eradicate the irritant and repair surrounding tissue
stages occur in inflammation:
vascular response
cellular rresposeresoultion nd repair
the capillary dilates, inflammation begins
- increaed blood supply
- increased capillary permeability
vascular response
migratio ofpmns from the capillaries
-migration of macrophages to the injured site
cellular respose
initiated by fibroblast proliferation
resolution and repair
