Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s first line of defence

A

The innate immune system

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2
Q

Name some features of the innate immune system

A
Skin
Mucus
Cilia
Tears/saliva
Stomach acid
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3
Q

What is an antigen

A

A large molecule on the surface of a cell/virus that can be used to determine if the cell/virus is self or non-self

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4
Q

What is the body’s second line of defence

A

The adaptive immune system

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5
Q

Name some features of the adaptive immune system

A
Phagocytosis
fever
Blood clotting
Inflammation
Natural Killer Cells
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6
Q

How does phagocytosis occur

A

Dendritic and macrophage cells engulf the pathogen and hold it internally in a vesicle. The then release enzymes to break down the pathogen

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7
Q

What is an opsonin

A

Any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking a antigen for an immune response

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8
Q

How does blood clotting work

A

Platelets release thromboplastin which turns prothrombin into active thrombin. Thrombin turn Fibrinogen into fibrin fibres which cross over to form a plug

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9
Q

How can blood clotting go wrong

A

By forming an embolism

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation

A

Heat
Swelling
Redness
Pain

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11
Q

Why does inflammation occur

A

Mast cells and Basophils release histamine which causes vasodilation attracting white blood cells

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12
Q

What is the body’s third line of defence

A

Specific immunity

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13
Q

Name the features of specific immunity

A

Humoral immunity

Cell mediated immunity

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14
Q

What happens in antigen presentation

A

Dendritic and macrophage cells bind to the pathogen and enter the lymph where they present the non-self antigens to specific B and T helper cells

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15
Q

What happens in clonal expansion

A

The t-helper releases cytokines which causes the B cell to multiply rapidly. Some develop into plasma cells and others become memory cells

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16
Q

How are antibodies produced

A

The new B plasma cells produce antibodies to attack
the antigen. The antibodies are released into the blood. Antibody-antigen complexes are then destroyed by phagocytes and/or expelled from the body in urine. Remaining B plasma cells and antibodies only remain in the blood for a few weeks.

17
Q

What happens to the B memory cells

A

They remain in the lymph to help identify the pathogen more quickly next time there is an infection

18
Q

List the four ways antibodies work

A

Clump pathogens together
Neutralise toxins by releasing antitoxins
Digest bacterial enzymes (lysis)
Coat pathogens in protein to label them as foreign

19
Q

What is cell mediated immunity

A

T cells are cloned to produce t killer, helper and memory cells. T killer cells locate diseased body cells and kill them to kill the pathogen

20
Q

What can t helper cells do

A

Release cytokines to stimulate phagocytosis

21
Q

What types of immunity are there

A

Innate - born with it

Acquired

22
Q

How can you acquire immunity

A

Actively - exposure to infection, vaccination

Passively - mothers antibodies, injected antibodies

23
Q

Why are most vaccines given in multiple doses

A

First dose induces primary immune response but secondary immune response is more effective

24
Q

How can vaccines be ineffective

A

On a pathogen that mutates very frequently

They don’t fully stimulate an immune response

25
Ethical considerations around vaccination
Cost vs efficacy Protection of the individual compared to herd immunity The right to autonomy in mandatory programmes Side effects