Immune Overview (Gumperz)

Question 1

5 functions of immune system

Answer 1

1. host defense
2. wound healing
3. maintaining cellular homeostasis
4. tissue remodeling
5. managing microbial symbionts

Question 2

3 parts of host defense

Answer 2

1. resistance to infection
2. microbial clearance
3. antigen-specific memory

Question 3

2 parts of wound healing?

Answer 3

fibrosis

promoting cell division and growth

Question 4

2 parts of maintaining cellular homeostasis

Answer 4

clearance of apoptotic and necrotic cells

killing neoplastic cells

Question 5

2 aparts to tissue remodeling

Answer 5

angiogenesis/vascular remodeling

bone remodeling

Question 6

what does immune system do in management of microbial symbionts

Answer 6

effects microbial colonization of mucosal surfaces

Question 7

what type of receptors are used in the innate response and where are they encoded?

Answer 7

Pattern Recognition Receptors or PRR

germline

Question 8

2 broad types of Adaptive receptors?

Answer 8

antibodies

t cell receptors

Question 9

How are adaptive receptors encoded?

Answer 9

via recombination.

allows for wide differentiation and recognition of variety of pathogens

Question 10

What are the localized biological effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 10

vascular permeabilization, edema, leukocyte infiltration, fever

Question 11

Give the 4 steps in Acute Inflammation

Answer 11

1. activation of macrophages and/or mast cells
2. production of eicosanoids and chemical messengers that act locally
3. production of cytokines that carry signals to other organs
4. production of chemokines that recruit leukocytes

Question 12

In acute inflammation, how are macrophages and/or mast cells activated?

Answer 12

1. PRR mediated sensing of microbe/self
2. activation of complement system
   …
   leads to release of soluble factors that propagate inflammatory response

Question 13

what do eicosanoids and chemical messengers do?

Answer 13

induce local vasodilation
vascular permeabilization
activate platelets for tissue repair
sensitize pain neurons
pyretic effects
smooth muscle contraction
help recruit neutrophil

Question 14

cytokines stimulate the acute phase response leading to three effects from liver, hypothalamus, bone marrow, and fat/muscle tissue…

Answer 14

release of proteins (liver) for complement activation

neutrophil mobilization for phagocytosis (bone marrow)

inc. body temperature (hypothalamus)

protein and energy mobilization to inc. body temp (fat/musle)

Question 15

What cell type do chemokines attract to site of inflammation?

Answer 15

neutrophils

Question 16

What is the second phase of the immune response?

Answer 16

effector response

Question 17

what three cell types initiate the effector response

Answer 17

macrophages (PRR), neutrophils (PRR), dendritic cells (PRR)

Question 18

how do DC initiate adaptive immune response?

Answer 18

DC take up Ag, move to lymphoid organs, initiates adaptive response

Question 19

what do T cells do once they are activated?

Answer 19

migrate to infected tissue via chemokines and cytokines

produce cytokines and activate macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells to kill pathogen

Question 20

what do b cells do once they are activated

Answer 20

produce antibodies that promote phagocytosis of microbe

Question 21

what lymphocytes become memory cells?

Answer 21

B and T lymphocytes

Question 22

What the three phases of the immune response?

Answer 22

1. Acute inflammation
2. Effector Response
3. Immunological memory

Question 23

What is the goal when designing an effective vaccine?

Answer 23

stimulate immunological memory

minimize inflammation from first two phases (acute inflammation and effector response)

Question 24

what are the two major components of vaccines

Answer 24

1. specific Ag - characteristic of pathogen, but not found elsewhere
2. adjuvant - elicit innate immune activation

Question 25

what are the four desired responses from a vaccine?

Answer 25

1. lag phase before response is detected (means innate happened)
2. short-lived primary response (effector worked)
3. strong, long lasting secondary response (immunological memory
4. specificity for immunizing antigen

Question 26

give three problems with vaccines

Answer 26

1. difficult to produce against pathogens that mutate antigens
2. easier to stimulate adaptive than cytotoxic so hard to make vaccines against pathogens that are intracellular
3. concerns about safety of adjuvants and source of specific Ag

Question 27

chemokines generally refer to what?

Answer 27

proteins that induce a chemotactic response

Question 28

cytokines generally refer to what?

Answer 28

proteins that induce a fxnal response in the target cell