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CSF Block 2 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

two groups of CT

A

nonspecialized - loose and dense CT

specialized - adipose, cartilage, bone, blood

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2
Q

components of CT

A

ECM

Nonpolarized cells

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3
Q

what properties does ECM impart on connective tissue

A

elasticity (elastic fibers)
tensile strength (fibrous collagens)
resilience (proteoglycans)

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4
Q

what are the three major functions of CT

A

defense
support
nutrition, transport, storage

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5
Q

What are the two components of ECM

A

ground substance

fibrous proteins

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6
Q

What are the two components of ground substance?

A

proteoglycans

glycoproteins

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7
Q

what is the ground substance three functions

A

retain water
matrix between cells and fibers
anchor cells to matrix and allow them to move

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8
Q

what is the general structure of proteoglycans

A

core p

negatively charged, long disaccharides

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9
Q

what is unique about hyaluran (a glycoprotein)

A

no core p

linker p binds many HA to a core p

giant aggregates bind fibrous elements of ECM (collagen fibers)

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10
Q

what are the three functions of glycoproteins

A

cell-to-cell recognition
adhesion
migration

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11
Q

what is the general structure of glycoproteins

A

mostly protein

short polysaccharides, branched, diverse

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12
Q

what are the three main binding sites on glycoproteins?

A 
integrins (cells)
collagen fibers (ECM)
proteoglycans (ECM)
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13
Q

what are two types of glycoproteins

A

laminin

fibronectin

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14
Q

what does laminin do and what secretes it?

A

binds proteoglycans, epithelial cell membrane, collagen IV (in lamina dense of basal lamina)

epithelial cells

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15
Q

what does fibronectin do and what secretes it?

A

mediates attachment of fibroblasts (or other cells) to collagen fibers, proteoglycans

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16
Q

give the general scheme for collagen formation

A

alpha chains in RER..

procollagen sent to golg, exocytosed..

terminal peptides cleaved giving tropocollagen..

self assembly

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17
Q

which collagen types form fibrils?

A

I, II, III

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18
Q

what collagen types form fibers?

A

I, III

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19
Q

what collagen type forms reticular fibers?

A

III

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20
Q

Type I: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?

A

fibroblasts, osteoblasts

dermis, tendons, ligaments, bone, fascia, organ capsule, loose CT

resist force, tension, stretch

fibers

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21
Q

type 1 is also found in fibrocartilage. what cells synthesize it, what form does it take, and what is its function?

A

chondroblasts/cytes

fibers

resist force, tension, stress

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22
Q

Type II: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?

A

chondroblasts

hyaline, elastic cartilage

resists intermittent pressure

fibrils

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23
Q

Type III: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?

A

fibroblasts, smooth muscle, reticular cells, schwann cells, liver cells

soft tissue support network, lamina reticularis of basement membrane, hepatocyte support, lymph nodes

structural support, elasticity, wound repair

fine fibers, reticular fibers

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24
Q

what do reticular fibers do? (III)

A

delicate for support of lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen

slow fluid flow so Ag can be recognized and phagocytosed

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25
Q

Type IV: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?

A

epithelial cells, muscle cells, schwann cells

lamina densa of basal lamina, external lamina

support and filtration

no fibers, no fibrils

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26
Q

elastic fibers: what cells synthesize them, where are they found?

A

fibroblasts

lungs, walls of large arteries, elastic ligaments between vertebrae

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27
Q

discuss the general structure and composition of elastic fibers

A

elastin deposited on microfibril bed of fibrillin.

cross-link to form elastic fiber

relaxed – randomly coiled
stretched – organized

typically associate with collagen fibers

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28
Q

what are the four cells of CT

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
adipocytes

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29
Q

what are the four functions of CT cells

A

defense, support, metabolism, tissue repair

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30
Q

function of fibroblasts

A 
synthesize collagen fibers
elastic fibers
proteoglycans
hyaluronan
glycoproteins
organize
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31
Q

what are fibroblasts called in cartilage? bone?

A

chondroblasts

osteoblasts

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32
Q

fibroblast morphology?

A

nucleus - large, oval, pale, nucleolus

irregular shape
solitary
abundant cytoplasm (active), non-abundant (inactive)

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33
Q

fibroblast origin?

A

mesenchymal cells form fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, or adipocytes

34
Q

what is unique about myofibroblasts?

A

take on contractile properties when activated from tissue damage

35
Q

function of macrophages?

A

acute inflammation, phagocytosis

36
Q

what do macrophages do in acute inflammation?

A

release IL-1 –> chemotactic for neutrophils and proliferation of fibroblasts

proliferation of B cells

37
Q

what triggers phagocytosis

A

recognizes Fc and C3b (opsonized pathogen)

38
Q

what are macrophages called in liver, lymph nodes/spleen, cartilage, and bone?

A

kupffer cells
reticuloendothelial cells
chondroclasts
osteoclasts

39
Q

macrophage morphology?

A 
bipolar
darkened nucleus
infoldings in plasma membrane
irregularly sized phagocytic vacuoles
electron dense granules
40
Q

macrophage origin?

A

when monocytes leave bone marrow and circulate, become macrophage

41
Q

what is the function of mast cells?

A

detect Ag entry in lamina propria and elicit local inflammatory response

42
Q

what 6 substances do mast cells release?

A 
histamine
heparin
slow reacting substand of anaphylaxis
eosinophil chemotactic factor
neutrophil chemotactic factor
tumor necrosis factor-alpha
43
Q

how do mast cells detect pathogen and respond?

A

on first exposure, IgE component of Fc binds to mast cell

on second exposure, Ag binds and crosslinks w/ mast cell IgE –> release of factors

44
Q

mast cell origin and location?

A

bone marrow then migrates to CT and stays

45
Q

mast cell morphology/

A

discrete cell boundaries
round oval cell
uniformly sized secretory granules

46
Q

what are the three types of non-specialized CT

A

Loose
Dense irregular
dense regular

47
Q

what is the predominant collagen in non-specialized CT

A

type I

48
Q

loose CT: where is it found, what is it’s composition and characteristics? (5)

A 
Beneath epithelia
Binds different tissue types
Large proportion of cells
Sparse elastic and coll fibers
Abundant ground substance
49
Q

dense irregular: where is it found, what is it’s composition and characteristics? (3)

A

where more mechanical stress or required support

irregular orientation of abundant collagen fibers

fewer cells, ground substance

50
Q

dense regular CT: where is it found, what is it’s composition and characteristics? (5)

A 
Mechanical stress greatest
Regular orientation of abundant coll fibers
Minimal ground substance
Fibroblasts squeezed between fibers
Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments
51
Q

what are the four types of specialized CT

A

adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

52
Q

three functions of adipose tissue

A

lipid storage
heat production
hormone secretion

53
Q

adipocyte origin?

A

mesenchymal cells

54
Q

two types of adipocytes?

A

unilocular white

multilocular brown

55
Q

5 functions of unilocular white adipocytes

A 
energy storage
shock absorption
insulation
hormone secretion
organ positioning
56
Q

how are white adipocytes shaped and organized?

A

intracellular - single fat droplet surrounded by intermediate filaments

polyhedral cells bound by reticular fibers

each cell surrounded by external lamina

57
Q

what are 4 substances released by white adipocytes for their endocrine function?

A

leptin (appetite, energy balance)

resistin (insulin resistance)

plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (predicts typeII diabetes)

pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8)

58
Q

brown adipocyte morphology?

A

many fat droplets
numerous mitos, capillaries
polyhedral but smaller than white
centrally located nucleus, rounded

59
Q

white adipocyte morphology?

A

thin cytoplasm surrounding empty fat vacuole (on histo)

elliptical, flat nucleus squished to edge of cell

60
Q

function of brown adipocytes

A

nonshivering thermogenesis

61
Q

5 functions of cartilage?

A 
support soft tissues
shock absorption
structural framework of organs
allow smooth movement of skeletal elements at joints
lay down skeletal model in embryogenesis
62
Q

composition of cartilage?

A

ECM

chondroblasts, chondrocytes

63
Q

what is lacking in cartilage?

A

nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

64
Q

how does cartilage get nutrients

A

diffusion of surrounding fluids facilitated by negatively charged proteoglycans

65
Q

how is cartilage organized?

A

surrounded by perichondrium which contains perichondrial fibroblasts embedded in dense irregular CT of collagen I and proteoglycans

66
Q

what is the glycoprotein that connects chondrocytes to ECM?

A

chondronectin

67
Q

what are the two steps in appositional growth?

A
  1. perichondrial fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts
  2. chondroblasts synthesize cartilage matrix
68
Q

what is the cartilage matrix composed of?

A

hyaluronan
collagen II
chondroitin sulfate
keratin sulfate

69
Q

how does interstitial growth work?

A

deep chondrocytes divide giving isogenous groups and synthesize cartilage

as isogenous groups synthesize cartilage the chondrocytes separate

70
Q

what are the two identifying characteristics of hyalin cartilage?

A
  1. composition: hyaluronan, collagen II, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate giving amorphous appearance
  2. perichondrium, isogenous groups
71
Q

what is lacunae?

A

space in cartilage for chondrocytes

72
Q

where is hyalin cartilage found?

A

articular surface of joints
costal (ribs) locations
structural elements of trachea and larynx

73
Q

what is unique about elastic cartilage?

A

has elastic fibers

74
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A

pinna of ear, external auditory meatus, nose, epiglottis

75
Q

what are identifying characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A
  1. collagen I in bundles. run parallel, woven
  2. chondrocytes, isogenous groups in lacunae
  3. no well-defined perichondrium, scarce ECM
  4. resembles and merges with dense CT
76
Q

where is fibrocartilage found and what does it do?

A

in intervertebral disks, replaces damaged hyaline cartilage

77
Q

what causes scurvy?

A

vitamin C deficieny which is needed for hydroxylation of collagen residues

78
Q

what is the symptoms of scurvy?

A

abnormal bone growth
poor fracture healing
tendency to bleed

79
Q

what is the cause of marfan syndrome?

A

fibrillin defective/missing

80
Q

what is the consequence of marfan syndrome?

A

progressive dilation of ascending aorta and subluxation of lens.

eventually get a ruptured aorta from defective elastic membranes

81
Q

what is the cause of osteoarthritis?

A

degenerative disease of hyalin cartilage

  • cracks and tears in articular surface
  • proteoglycan content decreases
  • chondrocyte proliferation decreases

CSF Block 2 (9 decks)

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