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CSF Block 2 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

two groups of CT

A

nonspecialized - loose and dense CT

specialized - adipose, cartilage, bone, blood

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2
Q

components of CT

A

ECM

Nonpolarized cells

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3
Q

what properties does ECM impart on connective tissue

A

elasticity (elastic fibers)
tensile strength (fibrous collagens)
resilience (proteoglycans)

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4
Q

what are the three major functions of CT

A

defense
support
nutrition, transport, storage

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5
Q

What are the two components of ECM

A

ground substance

fibrous proteins

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6
Q

What are the two components of ground substance?

A

proteoglycans

glycoproteins

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7
Q

what is the ground substance three functions

A

retain water
matrix between cells and fibers
anchor cells to matrix and allow them to move

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8
Q

what is the general structure of proteoglycans

A

core p

negatively charged, long disaccharides

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9
Q

what is unique about hyaluran (a glycoprotein)

A

no core p

linker p binds many HA to a core p

giant aggregates bind fibrous elements of ECM (collagen fibers)

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10
Q

what are the three functions of glycoproteins

A

cell-to-cell recognition
adhesion
migration

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11
Q

what is the general structure of glycoproteins

A

mostly protein

short polysaccharides, branched, diverse

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12
Q

what are the three main binding sites on glycoproteins?

A 
integrins (cells)
collagen fibers (ECM)
proteoglycans (ECM)
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13
Q

what are two types of glycoproteins

A

laminin

fibronectin

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14
Q

what does laminin do and what secretes it?

A

binds proteoglycans, epithelial cell membrane, collagen IV (in lamina dense of basal lamina)

epithelial cells

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15
Q

what does fibronectin do and what secretes it?

A

mediates attachment of fibroblasts (or other cells) to collagen fibers, proteoglycans

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16
Q

give the general scheme for collagen formation

A

alpha chains in RER..

procollagen sent to golg, exocytosed..

terminal peptides cleaved giving tropocollagen..

self assembly

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17
Q

which collagen types form fibrils?

A

I, II, III

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18
Q

what collagen types form fibers?

A

I, III

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19
Q

what collagen type forms reticular fibers?

A

III

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20
Q

Type I: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?

A

fibroblasts, osteoblasts

dermis, tendons, ligaments, bone, fascia, organ capsule, loose CT

resist force, tension, stretch

fibers

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21
Q

type 1 is also found in fibrocartilage. what cells synthesize it, what form does it take, and what is its function?

A

chondroblasts/cytes

fibers

resist force, tension, stress

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22
Q

Type II: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?

A

chondroblasts

hyaline, elastic cartilage

resists intermittent pressure

fibrils

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23
Q

Type III: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?

A

fibroblasts, smooth muscle, reticular cells, schwann cells, liver cells

soft tissue support network, lamina reticularis of basement membrane, hepatocyte support, lymph nodes

structural support, elasticity, wound repair

fine fibers, reticular fibers

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24
Q

what do reticular fibers do? (III)

A

delicate for support of lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen

slow fluid flow so Ag can be recognized and phagocytosed

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25
Type IV: what cells synthesize it, where is it found? what is its function? what form does it take?
epithelial cells, muscle cells, schwann cells lamina densa of basal lamina, external lamina support and filtration no fibers, no fibrils
26
elastic fibers: what cells synthesize them, where are they found?
fibroblasts lungs, walls of large arteries, elastic ligaments between vertebrae
27
discuss the general structure and composition of elastic fibers
elastin deposited on microfibril bed of fibrillin. cross-link to form elastic fiber relaxed -- randomly coiled stretched -- organized typically associate with collagen fibers
28
what are the four cells of CT
fibroblasts macrophages mast cells adipocytes
29
what are the four functions of CT cells
defense, support, metabolism, tissue repair
30
function of fibroblasts
``` synthesize collagen fibers elastic fibers proteoglycans hyaluronan glycoproteins organize ```
31
what are fibroblasts called in cartilage? bone?
chondroblasts | osteoblasts
32
fibroblast morphology?
nucleus - large, oval, pale, nucleolus irregular shape solitary abundant cytoplasm (active), non-abundant (inactive)
33
fibroblast origin?
mesenchymal cells form fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, or adipocytes
34
what is unique about myofibroblasts?
take on contractile properties when activated from tissue damage
35
function of macrophages?
acute inflammation, phagocytosis
36
what do macrophages do in acute inflammation?
release IL-1 --> chemotactic for neutrophils and proliferation of fibroblasts proliferation of B cells
37
what triggers phagocytosis
recognizes Fc and C3b (opsonized pathogen)
38
what are macrophages called in liver, lymph nodes/spleen, cartilage, and bone?
kupffer cells reticuloendothelial cells chondroclasts osteoclasts
39
macrophage morphology?
``` bipolar darkened nucleus infoldings in plasma membrane irregularly sized phagocytic vacuoles electron dense granules ```
40
macrophage origin?
when monocytes leave bone marrow and circulate, become macrophage
41
what is the function of mast cells?
detect Ag entry in lamina propria and elicit local inflammatory response
42
what 6 substances do mast cells release?
``` histamine heparin slow reacting substand of anaphylaxis eosinophil chemotactic factor neutrophil chemotactic factor tumor necrosis factor-alpha ```
43
how do mast cells detect pathogen and respond?
on first exposure, IgE component of Fc binds to mast cell on second exposure, Ag binds and crosslinks w/ mast cell IgE --> release of factors
44
mast cell origin and location?
bone marrow then migrates to CT and stays
45
mast cell morphology/
discrete cell boundaries round oval cell uniformly sized secretory granules
46
what are the three types of non-specialized CT
Loose Dense irregular dense regular
47
what is the predominant collagen in non-specialized CT
type I
48
loose CT: where is it found, what is it's composition and characteristics? (5)
``` Beneath epithelia Binds different tissue types Large proportion of cells Sparse elastic and coll fibers Abundant ground substance ```
49
dense irregular: where is it found, what is it's composition and characteristics? (3)
where more mechanical stress or required support irregular orientation of abundant collagen fibers fewer cells, ground substance
50
dense regular CT: where is it found, what is it's composition and characteristics? (5)
``` Mechanical stress greatest Regular orientation of abundant coll fibers Minimal ground substance Fibroblasts squeezed between fibers Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments ```
51
what are the four types of specialized CT
adipose tissue cartilage bone blood
52
three functions of adipose tissue
lipid storage heat production hormone secretion
53
adipocyte origin?
mesenchymal cells
54
two types of adipocytes?
unilocular white | multilocular brown
55
5 functions of unilocular white adipocytes
``` energy storage shock absorption insulation hormone secretion organ positioning ```
56
how are white adipocytes shaped and organized?
intracellular - single fat droplet surrounded by intermediate filaments polyhedral cells bound by reticular fibers each cell surrounded by external lamina
57
what are 4 substances released by white adipocytes for their endocrine function?
leptin (appetite, energy balance) resistin (insulin resistance) plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (predicts typeII diabetes) pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8)
58
brown adipocyte morphology?
many fat droplets numerous mitos, capillaries polyhedral but smaller than white centrally located nucleus, rounded
59
white adipocyte morphology?
thin cytoplasm surrounding empty fat vacuole (on histo) | elliptical, flat nucleus squished to edge of cell
60
function of brown adipocytes
nonshivering thermogenesis
61
5 functions of cartilage?
``` support soft tissues shock absorption structural framework of organs allow smooth movement of skeletal elements at joints lay down skeletal model in embryogenesis ```
62
composition of cartilage?
ECM | chondroblasts, chondrocytes
63
what is lacking in cartilage?
nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
64
how does cartilage get nutrients
diffusion of surrounding fluids facilitated by negatively charged proteoglycans
65
how is cartilage organized?
surrounded by perichondrium which contains perichondrial fibroblasts embedded in dense irregular CT of collagen I and proteoglycans
66
what is the glycoprotein that connects chondrocytes to ECM?
chondronectin
67
what are the two steps in appositional growth?
1. perichondrial fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts 2. chondroblasts synthesize cartilage matrix
68
what is the cartilage matrix composed of?
hyaluronan collagen II chondroitin sulfate keratin sulfate
69
how does interstitial growth work?
deep chondrocytes divide giving isogenous groups and synthesize cartilage as isogenous groups synthesize cartilage the chondrocytes separate
70
what are the two identifying characteristics of hyalin cartilage?
1. composition: hyaluronan, collagen II, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate giving amorphous appearance 2. perichondrium, isogenous groups
71
what is lacunae?
space in cartilage for chondrocytes
72
where is hyalin cartilage found?
articular surface of joints costal (ribs) locations structural elements of trachea and larynx
73
what is unique about elastic cartilage?
has elastic fibers
74
where is elastic cartilage found?
pinna of ear, external auditory meatus, nose, epiglottis
75
what are identifying characteristics of fibrocartilage?
1. collagen I in bundles. run parallel, woven 2. chondrocytes, isogenous groups in lacunae 3. no well-defined perichondrium, scarce ECM 4. resembles and merges with dense CT
76
where is fibrocartilage found and what does it do?
in intervertebral disks, replaces damaged hyaline cartilage
77
what causes scurvy?
vitamin C deficieny which is needed for hydroxylation of collagen residues
78
what is the symptoms of scurvy?
abnormal bone growth poor fracture healing tendency to bleed
79
what is the cause of marfan syndrome?
fibrillin defective/missing
80
what is the consequence of marfan syndrome?
progressive dilation of ascending aorta and subluxation of lens. eventually get a ruptured aorta from defective elastic membranes
81
what is the cause of osteoarthritis?
degenerative disease of hyalin cartilage - cracks and tears in articular surface - proteoglycan content decreases - chondrocyte proliferation decreases

CSF Block 2 (9 decks)

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