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CSF Block 2 > CV I > Flashcards

CV I Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the blood vessel names from heart back to heart

A

heart .. artery .. arteriole .. capillary .. venule .. vein .. heart

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2
Q

outline the layers of a blood vessel starting at the lumen

A

tunica intima (endothelial cells) .. internal elastic lamina .. tunica media .. external elastic lamina .. tunica adventitia

not all blood vessels have all these stxs

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3
Q

tunica intima is composed of two things for veins and three for arteries/arterioles. what are they

A

endothelium
loose CT
internal elastic membrane (artery)

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4
Q

tunica media is composed of circullary arranged smooth muscle cells, what is it’s function?

A

controls lumen diameter thus controlling blood pressure

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5
Q

_____ ______ are fenestrated sheets that can be interspersed in tunica media and

A

elastic laminae

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6
Q

what is tunica adventitia/externa composed of? (3)

A

loose CT
vaso vasorum in large vessels
fine autonomic nerves

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7
Q

arteries: what makes internal elastic membrane and what is it’s composition?

A

smooth muscle cells

perforated membranous elastin

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8
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle must there be for a vessel to be an artery

A

5

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9
Q

what type of connective tissue is in arteriole tunica media?

A

collagen III

elastic membranes

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10
Q

what are the two types of arteries?

A

elastic arteries

muscle arteries

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11
Q

what is the function of elastic arteries

A

protect smaller vessels and give continuous flow

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12
Q

what is abundant in elastic arteries?

A

elastic laminae in tunica media

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13
Q

what is the main function of smooth muscle in elastic arteries?

A

synthesize elastin

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14
Q

how is tunica media arranged in muscular arteries and does it have elastic membrane?

A

spirally

has an internal and an external elastic membrane

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15
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

smooth muscle contraction regulates diameter and controls blood pressure and blood distribution

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16
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle are in arterioles

A

1-4

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17
Q

do arterioles have elastic membrane?

A

no external

sometimes internal

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18
Q

what is the function of arterioles?

A

control blood flow to capillary beds via smooth muscle precapillary sphincters

principle source of peripheral resistance

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19
Q

what happens at capillaries?

A

exchange of substances between blood and ECM

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20
Q

capillary structure?

A

one layer - tunica intima

endothelium and basement membrane

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21
Q

what are the three types of blood capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

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22
Q

structure of continuous capillaries?

A

tight junctions between endothelial cells

23
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A

blood/brain barrier
muscle (maintain electrolyte balance)
skin (pathogens)

24
Q

structure of fenestrated capillaries

A

tight junctions but holes in basal and luminal plasmalemmas join

holes can have diaphragm

25
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A 
intestinal villi
kidneys
choroid plexus
liver
endocrine glands
26
Q

discontinuous capillaries are called what in liver, spleen, and bone marrow?

A

sinusoids

27
Q

structure of discontinuous capillaries

A

lack junctional complexes and basement membranes

often thicker and twisted to slow blood flow for Ag removal

big enough gaps for RBC to leave circulation

28
Q

what is the function of lympathic capillaries?

A

return lymphocytes and protein to blood after filtering Ag at lymph nodes

29
Q

structure of lymphatic capillaries?

A

similar to discontinuous blood capillaries

valves prevent backflow

30
Q

organization of lymphatic capillaries?

A

intermingled with blood capillaries

combine to form large lymph vessel that drain into lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
that return fluid to blood

31
Q

how do you distinguish between venule and capillary?

A

diameter of venule > 10 micrometers (RBC = 8)

32
Q

structure of venules

A

single cell layer

33
Q

how does structure of venule change as diameter increases

A

smooth muscle, fibroblasts begin to appear outside endothelium

34
Q

structure of veins

A 
three layers (tunica intima, media, adventitia)
valves keep blood moving back to heart
35
Q

do veins have internal elastic membrane?

A

NO

36
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle in veins?

A

1-2

37
Q

what helps propel blood flow in veins?

A

skeletal muscle contraction

38
Q

what is arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunt)

A

links arteries to veins or arterioles to venules

bypasses capillaries

39
Q

what is the purpose of AV shunts

A

regulate surface temperature at soles, palms, fingertips, nose, lips, erectile tissue

40
Q

when AV shunt is close, what is consequence

A

inc. heat loss, blood goes to capillary bed

41
Q

when AV shunt is open, what is consequence

A

decrease heat loss, blood doesn’t go to capillary bed

42
Q

compare and contrast size, structure of veins and arteries

A

lumen of vein larger than accompanying artery

internal elastic lamina in arterial vessels

tunica media thickest layer in arteries, tunica adventitia thickest layer in veins

only veins have valves

43
Q

what are five mechanisms of transport across endothelial cells?

A 
diffusion
pinocytosis, transcytosis
fenestrae
paracellular pathway
endothelial discontinuities
44
Q

what compound increases leakiness of junctional complex?

A

histamine

45
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

development of new blood vessel from existing vessel

46
Q

what do new blood vessels emerge as and what are they made from?

A

capillaries from small venules or other capillaries

47
Q

what are the five steps in angiogenesis

A
  1. endothelial cells enzymatically dissolve basal lamina
  2. cell migration toward growth factors, leading to edge ruffles, contact maintained w/ cells behind
  3. migration and alignment of endothelial cells to form solid sprout
  4. endothelial cells proliferate and sprout forms lumen
  5. cells make contact w/ another angiogenic sprout or existing vessel
48
Q

what is collateral circulation?

A

more than one way to deliver blood to some part of the body

49
Q

how is angiogenesis related to collateral circulation?

A

angiogenesis allows for collateral circulation

50
Q

what are two main arterial diseases?

A

hypertension

atherosclerosis

51
Q

what is the main contributor to hypertension?

A

peripheral resistance dictated by tunica media tone of arterioloes

52
Q

how does atherosclerosis happen in general

A

endothelial damage leads to thickening of the tunica intima and obstruction of lumen

53
Q

what three events lead to tunica intima thickening in atherosclerosis

A
  1. monocytes and LDL enter tunica intima
  2. smooth muscle may migrate to intima
  3. cytokines and growth factors stimulate smooth muscle and macrophage
    proliferation
54
Q

what three problems occur in athersclerosis?

A
  1. clot develops within plaque, rapid proliferation, obstruction
  2. necrotic plaqu embolizes causing obstruction at another site
  3. wall becomes weaker, forming aneurysm, then rupture

CSF Block 2 (9 decks)

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