Immune Failures

Question 1

What are 5 methods of pathogen evasion?

Answer 1

1-Serotype diversity
2-Antigenic drift
3-Antigenic shift
4-Gene conversion
5-Latency

Question 2

What are 6 methods of immune system subversion?

Answer 2

1-Endocytic hijacking
2-Protein mimicry
3-Humoral inhibition
4-Inflammation inhibition
5-Immunosuppression
6-Superantigens

Question 3

High genetic variability, useful for tracking outbreaks is typical of what pathogen evasion technique?

Answer 3

Serotype diversity-antigenically different strains of the same pathogen

Question 4

Mutations in the viral genome driven by selective pressure as the virus infects a population is called?

Answer 4

Antigenic drift

*tied to memory erosion, highly mutable viral genomes

Question 5

Genetic recombination that leads to significant change in viral antigens usually through mutating in another species is called?

Answer 5

Antigenic shift

Question 6

Humoral evasion through VSG (variable surface glycoprotein) gene rearrangement in trypanosome glycoprotein expression is called what?

Answer 6

Gene conversion

*once the immune system mounts a defense against one another mutates

Question 7

Herpes simplex is an example of a virus that goes into a dormant state in host tissue thus evading NK and CD8 T cells, what is this method called?

Answer 7

Latency

*recurrent emergence under stress, concurrent infection or compromised immunity

Question 8

What are 6 examples of viruses with latent periods?

Answer 8

1-Cytomegalovirus
2-Varicella zoster
3-Epstein-barr
4-Herpes virus
5-Parvovirus
6-Adenovirus

Question 9

What are the 4 characteristics of endocytic hijacking?

Answer 9

1-Utilize endocytosis for cellular entry
2-Prevent lysosome fusion
3-Escape phagosomes
4-Survive autolysosomal environment

Question 10

How do adult worms like treponema palladium and schistosoma mansoni subvert the immune system?

Answer 10

Antigen mimicry by coating themselves in host protein

Question 11

What are 4 subversive viral strategies?

Answer 11

1-Inhibition of humoral immunity
2-Inhibition of inflammatory response
3-Blocking of antigen processing and presentation
4-Immunosuppression of host

Question 12

Potent toxins that disrupt immune function by non-specific T cell activation and antibody and complement inactivation are called what?

Answer 12

Superantigens

*Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes do this

Question 13

What are the three types of primary immunodeficiency? (genetically caused)

Answer 13

1-Dominant (1 needed for deficiency)
2-Recessive (2 needed for deficiency)
3-X-linked

Question 14

Immune deficiency caused by environmental factors are called what?

Answer 14

Secondary immunodeficiency

*chronic disease, immunosuppressive drugs, viral (HIV) environmental toxins

Question 15

Brutons tyrosine kinase (BTK) affects B cell development and is an example of what?

Answer 15

X-linked disorder (Agammaglobulinemia)

Question 16

What are the 5 classes of primary immunodeficiencies?

Answer 16

1-Humoral immunity (60%, IgA deficiency most common)
2-Cellular immunity (10%, viral, fungal, opportunistic pathogens)
3-Combined (20%, B and T cell deficiency)
4-Phagocytic (10%, frequent gram negative infections)
5-Complement (

Question 17

Which secondary immunodeficiency is highly mutable, blood and sexual fluid transmission and targets CD4 T cells?

Answer 17

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leading to acquire immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)