Antibiotic resistance

Question 1

What are the 6 main targets of antibiotics?

Answer 1

1-Cell wall synthesis
2-RNA synthesis
3-Amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase
4-Folic acid (tetrahydrofolate) synthesis)
5-Protein Synthesis
6-DNA replication/repair/segregation

Question 2

What are 4 ways bacteria gain resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 2

1-restrict access of antibiotic to target (efflux pumps)
2-Modify the target
3-Enzymatic inactivation or modification of antibiotic
4-Modify expression of bacterial factors needed to activate the antibiotic-prodrugs

Question 3

How do bacteria become resistant to tetracycline?

Answer 3

altering the 16S rRNA involved in tetracycline binding of the 30S subunit

Question 4

What drug resistance is an example of multistep process resistance?

Answer 4

Vancomycin

Question 5

How do bacteria develop resistance to aminoglycosides?

Answer 5

modifications that disrupt hydrogen-bonding network used to bind 16S rRNA

Question 6

A dormant cell that is resistant to many stresses and antibiotic treatments is called?

Answer 6

Persister cell

Question 7

Which two spore-forming bacteria are persistent in the environment and are common with IV drug users?

Answer 7

C. Tetani, B anthracis

Question 8

Which spore former causes gas gangrene?

Answer 8

C. Perfringens

Question 9

Which 3 spore-formers cause food-borne infections?

Answer 9

1-C. Botulinum
2-C. Perfringens
3-B. Cereus

Question 10

Which spore former is a responsible for nosocomial infections?

Answer 10

Clostridrium difficle

*overgrowth causes pseudomembranous colitis

Question 11

How does a bacteria modify an antibiotic target to resist the antibiotic?

Answer 11

it can mutate the gene for the protein
or it overexpress the target
or it can put something in the binding site of the antibiotic

Question 12

How do bacteria resist Metronidazole? What are two bacteria that do this?

Answer 12

modifying expression of bacterial factors(in this case flavodoxin/ferrodoxin) needed to activate the antibiotic prodrug.
H. Pylori and P. Gingivalis do this

Question 13

If TB is resistant to Isoniazid, how does it accomplish that?

Answer 13

Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial enzyme KatG and so it changes that.

Question 14

What are three types of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 14

conjugation
transformation
transduction

Question 15

What 3 bacteria are priority number 1 for the need for development of antibiotics that kill them?

Answer 15

A. Baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacteriaceae

Question 16

What is recrudescence?

Answer 16

the relapse of an infection