Immune

Question 1

What do lysosomes produce

Answer 1

Lysozymes

Question 2

what do phagocytes activate

Answer 2

T-cells (T-lymphocytes)

Question 3

What are the two types of immune response (cells)

Answer 3

cellular
humoral

Question 4

What do phagocytes do to pathogens

Answer 4

engulf them

Question 5

where are phagocytes found

Answer 5

in blood and tissues

Question 6

where are lysosomes found

Answer 6

in phagocytes

Question 7

what is the area called where the phagocyte puts the pathogen

Answer 7

the phagocytic vacuole

Question 8

what do the lysozymes do

Answer 8

Break down the pathogen (they are enzymes)

Question 9

what does the phagocyte do with the pathogen after the lysozymes have broken it down

Answer 9

they present the pathogens antigens on their surface (to activate other immune cells)

Question 10

what do T-cells have on their surface

Answer 10

receptor proteins

Question 11

what do receptor proteins do

Answer 11

bind the complementary antigens presented by the phagocyte

Question 12

what is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen called

Answer 12

the variable region

Question 13

what holds the 2 sides of the antibody together

Answer 13

the disulfide bridge (double bond)

Question 14

what is the part of the antibody what bends to make the Y shape

Answer 14

the hinge protein

Question 15

what is the bottom of the antibody Y shape called

Answer 15

the constant region

Question 16

what is the bonded antibody and antigen called

Answer 16

the antigen-antibody complex

Question 17

why can antibodies and antigens bond

Answer 17

they are complementary

Question 18

what do helper T-cells do

Answer 18

release chemical signals to stimulate phagocytes,
activate cytotoxic T-cells,
activate B-cells.

Question 19

how do phagocytes activate T-cells

Answer 19

the receptor proteins on the T-cells bind to the antigens the phagocyte is presenting

Question 20

what do B-cells have on their surface

Answer 20

antibodies

Question 21

how are B-cells evolved for immunity

Answer 21

each B-cell has different antibodies

Question 22

what is clonal selection

Answer 22

when a B-cell’s antibodies are joined to antigens, and the B-cells are activated

Question 23

what do B-cells divide into

Answer 23

plasma cells

Question 24

what are plasma cells

Answer 24

they are clones of the B-cells (they B-cells divide to make them)

Question 25

what do plasma cells secrete

Answer 25

lots of antibodies specific to the antigen (monoclonal antibodies)

Question 26

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 26

clones of the antibody that is needed for the specific antigen

Question 27

how many binding sites does an antibody have

Answer 27

2

Question 28

which response is quicker (primary or secondary)

Answer 28

secondary

Question 29

how is secondary immune response quicker

Answer 29

clonal selection can happen faster as the memory B-cells divide for the right antibody,
memory T-cells activate and divide to kill the cell that carries the antigen

Question 30

what is the name for cell death

Answer 30

Apoptosis (cell suicide)

Question 31

is humoral immune response

Answer 31

B-cells
clonal selection
and the production of monoclonal antibodies

Question 32

what is the cellular immune response

Answer 32

T-cells
phagocytes

Question 33

what are the non-specific immune responses

Answer 33

phagocytosis
physical barriers (like skin)

Question 34

what are specific immune responses

Answer 34

the use of memory cells
antibodys