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Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 types of Respiration

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic

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2
Q

What are the steps of aerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

What does glycolysis start with

A

Glucose

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4
Q

What does glucose turn into

A

2x triose phosphate

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5
Q

What reactions are needed to turn glucose into triose phosphate

A

2x ATP=ADP+Pi

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6
Q

What does the triose phosphate into glycolysis turn into

A

Pyruvate

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7
Q

What reactions are needed to turn triose phosphate into pyruvate (glycolysis)

A

4x ADP+Pi=ATP
2x NAD=NADH

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8
Q

What are the stages of anaerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis
Alcoholic/lactate fermentation

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9
Q

How many pyruvates are created at the end of glycolysis

A

2

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10
Q

What is the net ATP gain after glycolysis

A

2
(2 used, 4 created)

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11
Q

How many carbons are in pyruvate

A

3

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12
Q

What is the end product of alcoholic fermentation

A

Ethanol

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13
Q

What is the end product of lactate fermentation

A

Lactate (lactic acid)

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14
Q

What reactions happen in alcoholic fermentation

A

Lose a CO2 to form ethanal
NADH=NAD to form ethanol

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15
Q

What reaction happens in lactate fermentation

A

NADH=NAD

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16
Q

How many times does the link reaction happen per glucose molecule

A

2

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17
Q

How many times does the krebs cycle happen per glucose molecule

A

2

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18
Q

What enters the link reaction

A

Pyruvate

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19
Q

What does pyruvate turn into in the link reaction

A

Acetate

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20
Q

How many carbons does acetate have

A

2

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21
Q

What reactions turn pyruvate into acetate

A

Remove a CO2
NAD = NADH

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22
Q

What does acetate turn into in the link reaction

A

Acetyl CoA

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23
Q

What turns acetate into acetyl CoA

A

Coenzyme A

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24
Q

How many carbons does acetyl CoA have

A

2

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25
Q

How much ATP is created in the link reaction

A

None

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26
Q

What enters the krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

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27
Q

What does acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate make

A

Citrate

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28
Q

What has to happen to acetyl CoA before it can become citrate

A

Lose CoA
Bind with oxaloacetate

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29
Q

How many carbons does citrate have

A

6

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30
Q

Where does the CoA go after acetyl CoA loses it when it joins the krebs cycle

A

The Coenzyme A goes back to the link reaction

31
Q

What forms after citrate in the krebs cycle

A

A 5 carbon compound

32
Q

How does citrate turn into the 5 carbon compound

A

Releases a CO2
NAD = NADH

33
Q

What does the 5 carbon compound turn into in the krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetate

34
Q

What reactions happen to turn the 5 carbon compound into oxaloacetate

A

Releases a CO2
2x NAD = NADH
FAD = FADH
ADP + Pi = ATP

35
Q

How many ATP does aerobic Respiration create

A

32

36
Q

Where does the FADH and the 3x NADH go after the krebs cycle

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

Does oxidative phosphorylation break or make water

A

Make water

38
Q

where are the protons pumped in oxidative phosphorylation

A

from the matrix of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space

39
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation gets it’s protons

A

NADH
FADH

40
Q

what uses the H+ in Oxidative phosphorylation to do (it uses the energy)

A

ATP synthase

41
Q

how do the H+ protons go against the concentration gradient in Oxidative phosphorylation

A

they are pumped through by a carrier

42
Q

Where in the mitochondria has a high concentration of H+ in Oxidative phosphorylation

A

the intermembrane space

43
Q

Where in the mitochondria has a low concentration of H+ in Oxidative phosphorylation

A

the matrix

44
Q

where does the link reaction, Krebs cycle, and Oxidative phosphorylation occur in the cell

A

the matrix of mitochondria

45
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

in the cytoplasm

46
Q

how does pyruvate travel from glycolysis to the link reaction

A

active transport from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria matrix

47
Q

what does mitochondrial disease effect

A

the ATP production

48
Q

how is water made in Oxidative phosphorylation

A

the H+ that have been through ATP synthase bond with ½O2 with 2e- out of the carriers
2H+ + ½O2 + 2e- = H2O

49
Q

Where does the electron transport chain in Oxidative phosphorylation get it’s electrons

A

from the H off of NADH and FADH (splits into H+ and e-)

50
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

the production of ATP from the movement of H+ across a membrane (by an electron transport chain)

51
Q

What is the cytoplasm called in the muscle fibres

A

Sarcoplasm

52
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum in the muscle fibre called

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

53
Q

What is the cell membrane in muscles fibres called

A

Sarcolemma

54
Q

Where are the myofibrils found

A

In the sacroplasm of the muscle fibre

55
Q

What is actin in the myofibrils

A

The thinner filament attached to the z line

56
Q

What is myosin in the myofibrils

A

The thicker filament attached to the m line

57
Q

What is tropomyosin in the myofibrils

A

The strands wound around the actin filament
controls when the myosin is able to bind for muscle contraction

58
Q

What does the sacrolemma form

A

The T tubules in the muscle fibre

59
Q

What is the H zone in myofibrils

A

The area around the M line which only contains myosin

60
Q

What is a sacromere

A

A short unit of a myofibril

61
Q

Where is the Z line found in a sacromere

A

At the ends

62
Q

Where is the M line found in each sacromere

A

At the centre

63
Q

What is an A band in the myofibril

A

The dark bands of myosin
(With some overlap with actin)

64
Q

What is an i band in a myofibrils

A

The light bands of actin

65
Q

What does the sarcoplasm in the muscle fibre contain

A

Mitochondria - aerobic respiration
Myofibrils

66
Q

What are myofibrils used for

A

Muscle contraction

67
Q

What are myofibrils used for

A

Muscle contraction

68
Q

What does the sacrolemma do in the muscle fibres

A

Fold inwards to the sarcoplasm - T tubules
Help to spread out electrical impulses

69
Q

Where is the sacrolemma found in the muscle fibre

A

Close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the muscle fibre

A

A network of internal membranes that runs through the sarcoplasm

71
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do in the muscle fibre

A

Stores and releases calcium ions
- used for muscle contractions

72
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

73
Q

Which type of muscle is voluntary

A

Skeletal

74
Q

Which type of muscle is voluntary

A

Skeletal

Bio (7 decks)

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