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module 3 > Immune > Flashcards

Immune Flashcards

1
Q

STOP INFECTION

A
  1. WAY: WASH YOUR HANDS
    INTACT SKIN IS FIRSTLINE DEFENSE
    Tears, mucous, saliva are 1stline and innate
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2
Q

ANTIGEN

A

-SUBSTANCE THAT CAN ELICIT IMMUNE RESPONSE

-CAN MARK CELLS AS SELF OR NON-SELF

-CAN STIMULATE B LYMPHOCYTES AND CYTOTOXIC RESPONSES

AUTOANTIGENS-ON BODY’S OWN CELLS/ALL OTHERS ARE FOREIGN

INFLAMMATION HAPPENS WHEN NEUTROPHILS, MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES ENCOUNTER ANTIGEN

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3
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY

A

“BORN WITH”

INCLUDE SKIN, CHEMICALS, SOME IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS, TEARS (FIRST-LINE DEFENSES)

NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Protects against all potential pathogens)

IMMEDIATE OR WITHIN HOURS AFTER ANTIGEN PRESENTATION

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4
Q

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

A

IMMUNITY ONE IS NOT BORN WITH, BUT ACQUIRED AFTER BIRTH AT SOME POINT

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5
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

A

ACQUISITION OF IMMUNITY PASSIVELY
EXAMPLES:

ACQUISITION OF IGA FROM MOTHER IN HIGH CONCENTRATION), MOM CAN PASS FLU ANTIBODIES (PLACENTA AND BREAST MILK)

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ADMINISTRATION

IGG INJECTION (IMMUNOGLOBULIN INJECTION)

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6
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

A

AFTER INTRODUCTION OF PATHOGEN, BODY FORMS DEFENSE

EX: VACCINES CAUSES IT (THE RESPONSE)
EX: ILLNESS/INFECTION CAUSES IT (THE RESPONSE)

LYMPHOCYTES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE CREATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE DEFENSE (B CELLS AND T CELLS)

ARTIFICIAL (VACCINATION)

NATURAL (INFECTION)

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7
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A

MMUNITY THAT OCCURS, BECAUSE THE BODY NEEDS TO MAKE IT HAPPEN TO REMAIN HEALTHY

ANTIBODIES ARE A PART OF THIS

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8
Q

SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

A

IMMUNITY AGAINST A SPECIFIC DISEASE OR ANTIGEN

THIS INVOLVES THE BODY “BUILDING” AN “ARMY,” LIKE SPECIFIC B CELLS

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9
Q

HOW DO IMMUNIZATIONS WORK

A

BODY IS GIVEN (IM, NASAL, ETC…) ANTIGEN (LIVE OR NOT)

OFTEN A PIECE OF THE VIRUS/BACTERIAL INFO IS IN THE IMMUNIZATION

BODY RESPONDS FIRST WITH NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY, THEN BUILDS AN ARMY FOR THE NEXT TIME IT SEES THIS PARTICULAR ANTIGEN

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10
Q

IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

THE REACTION OF THE CELLS AND FLUIDS OF THE BODY TO THE PRESENCE OF A SUBSTANCE WHICH IS NOT RECOGNIZED AS A CONSTITUENT OF THE BODY ITSELF.

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11
Q

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

A

RESPONSE OF THE BODY TO DISEASE OR INJURY RESULTING IN PAIN, HEAT, REDNESS AND SWELLING.

The inflammatory response is innate

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12
Q

DEFINE INFLAMMATION

A

A LOCALIZED PHYSICAL CONDITION IN WHICH PART OF THE BODY BECOMES REDDENED, SWOLLEN, HOT, AND OFTEN PAINFUL, ESPECIALLY AS A REACTION TO INJURY OR INFECTION.

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13
Q

CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

A

REDNESS (FROM INCREASED BLOOD FLOW)-PLEASE NOTE LOCAL HEAT WITH LOCALIZED INFLAMMATION AND FEVER WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION

HEAT/WARMTH (FROM INCREASED BLOOD FLOW)

SWELLING (MOVEMENT OF FLUID AND COMPONENTS INTO TISSUE AFTER INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY)

PAIN (FROM PRESSURE FROM THE SWELLING AND CHEMICAL MEDIATORS)
POSSIBLE LOSS OF FUNCTION (FROM SWELLING)

they allow more blood flow

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14
Q

EDEMA

A

A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED BY AN EXCESS OF WATERY FLUID COLLECTING IN THE CAVITIES OR TISSUES OF THE BODY

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15
Q

SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION

A

FEVER
OVERALL BODY ACHES

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16
Q

LOCALIZED INFLAMMATION

A

CARDINAL SIGNS AT SITE

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17
Q

LEUKOCYTES

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

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18
Q

MACROPHAGES

A

A LARGE PHAGOCYTIC CELL FOUND IN STATIONARY FORM IN THE TISSUES OR AS A MOBILE WHITE BLOOD CELL, ESPECIALLY AT SITES OF INFECTION/INFLAMMATION

MATURED MONOCYTE
MIGRATES INTO TISSUES FROM THE BLOOD

CAN ENGULF FOREIGN ANTIGENS

PHAGOCYTIC, ALSO INVOLVED IN “SIGNALING”

EXISTS WITHIN THE TISSUES AND WAS PRODUCED BY MONOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION

RELEASE PYROGENS (THESE CAN REGULATE TEMPERATURE)

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19
Q

BASOPHILS

A

SOME OF THESE, WHEN FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ARE CALLED MAST CELLS (ONCE THERE, THEY DON’T GO BACK

WOULD BE FOUND IN HIGH CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD OF A CLIENT EXPERIENCEING A SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTION

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20
Q

EOSINOPHILS

A

ARE INVOLVED IN THE ALLERGIC RESPONSE AND HIGH IN THE BLOOD OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ALLERGY/ASTHMA

RESPONSIBLE FOR COMBATING SOME MULTICELLULAR PARASITES AND OTHER INFECTIONS

PHAGOCYTIC

21
Q

NEUTROPHILS

A

PHAGOCYTIC: EAT/Remove (Phagocytosis) CELLULAR DEBRIS FROM INFLAMMATION
MOST ABUNDANT GRANULOCYTE
INNATE

FOUND IN THE BLOODSTREAM

PLEASE NOTE THAT AN ELEVATED NEUTROPHIL COUNT USUALLY SUGGESTS A BACTERIAL INFECTION

FIRST TO AID IN KILLING BACTERIA TO PREVENT INFECTION, IF INJURY OCCURS.

22
Q

BASOPHILS

A

SOME OF THESE, WHEN FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ARE CALLED MAST CELLS (ONCE THERE, THEY DON’T GO BACK

WOULD BE FOUND IN HIGH CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD OF A CLIENT EXPERIENCEING A SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTION

INVOLVED IN ANAPHYLAXIS, ATOPIC DERMATITIS, HAY FEVER, ASTHMA

STORES HISTAMINE (VASODILATOR AND PRURITIC)

CONTAIN HEPARIN

HIGH IN CONCENTRATION IN THOSE EXPERIENCING AN ALLERGIC REACTION

23
Q

MACROPHAGES

A

MAJOR PHAGOCYTES IN TISSUE

DIGEST FOREIGN SUBSTANCES, MICROBES, CANCER CELLS, ETC….

A LARGE PHAGOCYTIC CELL FOUND IN STATIONARY FORM IN THE TISSUES OR AS A MOBILE WHITE BLOOD CELL, ESPECIALLY AT SITES OF INFECTION/INFLAMMATION

24
Q

MAST CELLS

A

RELEASE HISTAMINE (WHICH CAUSES VASODILATION)

Basophils

25
Q

PROSTAGLANDINS

A

iMPORTANT TO INFLAMMATION

VASODILATORS

CHEMICAL SIGNALS TO SEND PLATELETS

pART OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INVOLVED IN PAIN

this s where aiboprofill works

26
Q

HISTAMINE

A

INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION

VASODILATOR (CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO DILATE)

KEY COMPONENT OF ALLERGIES
CAUSE PRURITIS

RELEASED BY BASOPHILS AND MAST CELLS

27
Q

T CELLS (T Lymphocytes)

A

MADE IN BONE MARROW

MATURE IN THYMUS

PLAY CENTRAL ROLE IN IMMUNE SYSTEM

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (CD8+ KILLER TCELLS), REGULATORY T CELLS, HELPER T CELLS (LIKE THE CD4+ HELPER TCELLS)

Cell Mediated Immunity: T Cells bind to antigens and produce an immune response from other white blood cells)

it is like Er of your body

28
Q

NATURAL KILLER CELLS=CYTOTOXIC T CELL

A

ACTUALLY INNATE

ACT ABOUT 3 DAYS AFTER INFECTION

RESPOND TO TUMOR FORMATION

RELEASE CYTOKINES CAUSING CELL LYSIS OR APOPTOSIS

29
Q

B CELLS (B Lymphocytes)-these LYMPHOCYTES are known for their role in ADAPTIVE immunity

A

MATURE IN BONE MARROW

CREATE ANTIBODIES

HUMORAL IMMUNITY: B Cells produce antibodies to fight off subsequent infections)

CARRY AND SECRETE ANTIBODIES

PRESENT ANTIGENS

SECRETE CYTOKINES

BIND TO ANTIGENS AND INITIATE AN ANTIGEN RESPONSE

“ARMIES” MADE BY IMMUNIZATIONS (MEMORY B CELLS AND ANTIBODIES)

ARMIES ARE MADE BY B CELLS FROM ILLNESS: CREATION OF ANTIBODIES AND MEMORY B CELLS

30
Q

PLASMA CELLS

A

DEVELOP FROM B CELLS

PRODUCE LARGE AMOUNTS OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES

31
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS (ANTIBODIES)

A

IGA: IN MUCOUS MEMBRANES, HIGH AMOUNT IN BREAST MILK (TEARS, SALIVA, BREAST MILK)

IGG: RESPONSIBLE FOR BACTERIAL PROTECTION/ALSO CROSS PLACENTA

IGE: HIGH LEVELS IN THOSE WITH ALLERGIES

IGM: A PRIMARY ANTIBODY

32
Q

LYMPH NODES, THE LYMPH SYSTEM AND BODILY DEFENSE

A

LYMPH SYSTEM IS PART OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

VESSELS AND NODES

FILTERING AREAS IN NODES WITH IMMUNE FUNCTION (SPLEEN, TONSILS, THYMUS)

33
Q

HEMATOPOESIS

A

THE PRODUCTION OF BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS, WHICH OCCURS IN THE BONE MARROW.

34
Q

What is an ANTIGEN

A

Can be a foreign agent triggering an immune response.

Can be distinguishing self from non-self on cells

35
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

A

Type 1: Allergy, High IgE, Typically Development of Urticaria/Hives, Watery/Inflamed Eyes, nasal/bronchial congestion, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis

Type 2: Ex. Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease in newborn); Cytotoxic destruction of cells secondary to the activation of complement, antibodies, or phagocytosis.

Type 3: formation of immune complexes which deposit in blood vessels or tissues throughout the body

4: Ex. Mantoux, contact dermatitis, poison ivy

36
Q

type I hypersensitivity

A

Immunoglobulin E–mediated type of hypersensitivity in which an allergen activates T cells that then bind to mast cells. Repeated exposure to relatively large doses of the allergen is usually necessary to cause this response.

37
Q

type II hypersensitivity

A

Tissue-specific type of hypersensitivity that generally involves the destruction of a target cell by an antibody-directed cell-surface antigen. Immunoglobulin G or M reacts with an antigen on the cell, activating the complement system. The effects of type II reactions include cell lysis and phagocytosis.

38
Q

type III hypersensitivity

A

immune complex–mediated type of hypersensitivity in which circulating antigen–antibody complexes accumulate and are deposited in the tissue. This accumulation triggers the complement system, causing local inflammation and increased vascular permeability, so more complexes accumulate.

39
Q

type IV hypersensitivity

A

Cell-mediated type of hypersensitivity that involves a delayed processing of the antigen by the macrophages. Once processed, the antigen is presented to the T cells, resulting in the release of lymphokines that cause inflammation and antigen destruction.

40
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

fever

joint pain

weight loss

Butterfly rash

it affects 9x more than man

41
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

A

BEGINS WITH INFLAMMATION/EDEMA OF SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES THAT SURROUND THE JOINT.

FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN AFFECTED JOINTS
ESR ELEVATED (SED RATE,

ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE)

POSITIVE RA FACTOR

AUTOIMMUNE

42
Q

SCLERODERMA

A

SKIN THICKENING

FROM CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEPOSITS

43
Q

IMMUNOCOMPROMISE

A

HIGH RISK FOR INFECTION

FEVER IS A BIG DEAL

HIGH RISK FOR OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

44
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

A

No other diagnosis

Most often due to a genetic disorder directly affecting the immune system

45
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency

A

Examples include chemo, drug induced (steroid or other immunosuppressants), malnutrition, infection, etc….

Comes from something else

46
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

HIV: RETROVIRUS CAUSING A DEFICIENT IMMUNE SYSTEM AND CAN LEAD TO AIDS

INVOLVE THE CD4+ (T HELPER CELLS)

47
Q

TRANSPLANT TYPES

A

Allogenic-healthy donor, not exactly identical in genetics but close enough, same species
Autogenic-utilizing recipients own source (cells, organ, etc…).

Xenogenic-usually referring to animal (non-human) source

Syngenic-donor is an identical twin

48
Q

Opportunistic Infection

A

Infections that do not cause disease in healthy individuals; instead, they take their opportunity when the immune system

49
Q

BLOOD CLUES

A

HIGH EOSINOPHILS, HIGH IGE🡺ALLERGIES

FEVER, MALAISE, HIGH NEUTROPHILS🡺POSSIBLE BACTERIAL INFECTION

module 3 (4 decks)

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