IMMS session 4: introduction to the cardiorespiratory system

Question 1

what are the major contents of the thorax?

Answer 1

1. heart
2. lungs
3. trachea
4. oesophagus

Question 2

what is the scientific name for rib cage?

Answer 2

thoracic cage

Question 3

what is the purpose of the thoracic cage?

Answer 3

1. protects the thoracic and some abdominal organs
2. attachment for muscles that control breathing and move the upper limbs

Question 4

what is the scientific name for organ?

Answer 4

viscera

Question 5

what is the rib cage composed of?

Answer 5

1. sternum
2. ribs
3. thoracic vertebrae

Question 6

how many ribs are there?

Answer 6

12

Question 7

where does the sternum lie anatomically?

Answer 7

anterior in the mid line of the thoracic cage

Question 8

what is the sternum composed of?

Answer 8

1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process

Question 9

what are some features of the manubrium?

Answer 9

1. has a notch called the suprasternal (jugular) notch
2. articulates with the clavicle (collar bone)

Question 10

what is the joint where the manubrium and the clavicle articulate called?

Answer 10

sternoclavicular joint

Question 11

what is the joint where the manubrium and body articulate called?

Answer 11

manubriosternal joint

Question 12

at is the angle where the manubrium and body articulate called?

Answer 12

the sternal angle

Question 13

what is the name of the cartilage found anterior on the ribs and its significance?

Answer 13

costal cartilage
gives the thoracic cage some ‘springiness’

Question 14

what is the name of the joint where the ribs articulate with costal cartilage?

Answer 14

costochondral joints

Question 15

what is the name of the joint where the upper ribs articulate with the sternum?

Answer 15

sternocostal joints

Question 16

what is the name of the joint where the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 16

costovertebral joints

Question 17

where do the intercostal muscles die and what is their purpose?

Answer 17

between the ribs
moves the thorax for breathing

Question 18

what is the joint where the thoracic vertebrae articulate called?

Answer 18

intervertebral joints

Question 19

how does the heart contract (beat)?

Answer 19

specialised nerve cells and fibers spontaneously generate and conduct the electrical activity that stimulates contraction

Question 20

what impacts do the sympathetic and parasympathetic control have on the heart rate?

Answer 20

1. sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate
2. parasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate.

Question 21

what are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 21

left and right atria, left and right ventricles

Question 22

are the atrial or ventricular chambers of the heart muscular walls thicker and why?

Answer 22

ventricles because they are pumping chambers

Question 23

what is the purpose of valves?

Answer 23

heart ensure that blood flows only in one direction through the heart and cannot flow backwards

Question 24

what are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 24

valves lie between the atria and ventricles (the tricuspid valve on the right and the mitral valve on the left)

Question 25

what are the semi-lunar valves?

Answer 25

valves lie between the ventricles and the large blood vessels that carry blood from them

Question 26

what supplies blood to the myocardium?

Answer 26

coronary arteries

Question 27

what is the name of the circulation that occurs between the heart and the lungs?

Answer 27

cardiopulmonary circulation

Question 28

where and what type of blood does the right atrium receive?

Answer 28

deoxygenated blood via the superior an inferior vena cava veins

Question 29

where and what type of blood does the right atrium receive?

Answer 29

deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

Question 30

what are lungs divided into?

Answer 30

lobes

Question 31

what it the right lung divided into?

Answer 31

three lobes: a superior (upper), middle and inferior (lower) lobe

Question 32

what is the left lung divided into?

Answer 32

two lobes: a superior and an inferior lobe

Question 33

what separates lobes?

Answer 33

fissures

Question 34

what vessels serve each lungs?

Answer 34

1. one pulmonary artery 2. two pulmonary veins 3. one main bronchus

Question 35

what do pulmonary arteries do?

Answer 35

carry deoxygenated blood into the lung from the right ventricle

Question 35

what does the main bronchus do?

Answer 35

carry air between the lung and trachea

Question 35

what do pulmonary veins do?

Answer 35

carry oxygenated blood from the lung into the left atrium

Question 35

what is the bronchial tree?

Answer 35

describes the branching system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs

Question 36

what are the names of the membranes that cover the lungs?

Answer 36

the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 36

what is the site of gas exchange in the lung?

Answer 36

the alveoli

Question 37

what is the walls of the bronchioles composed of?

Answer 37

smooth muscle, no cartilage

Question 38

what are the walls of the trachea and bronchi composed of?

Answer 38

smooth muscles and cartilage

Question 39

what is the purpose of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 39

acts as a scaffold and ensures that the trachea and bronchi remain open

Question 40

is the movement of smooth muscle in the bronchioles autonomic or somatic control?

Answer 40

autonomic

Question 41

what does parasympathetic stimulation of the bronchioles do and what is this called?

Answer 41

narrows the bronchioles bronchoconstriction

Question 42

what does sympathetic stimulation of the bronchioles do and what is this called?

Answer 42

opens the bronchioles bronchodilation

Question 43

what is surface anatomy?

Answer 43

the study of anatomical structures by looking, feeling, and listening, without opening the body up

Question 44

why is the sternal angle a key landmark?

Answer 44

it lies at the same level as the second ribs - and from here we can count the rest of the ribs

Question 45

what is midsternal?

Answer 45

drawn straight down the centre of the sternum

Question 46

what is mid clavicular?

Answer 46

drawn inferiorly from the midpoint of the clavicle

Question 47

what is anterior axillary?

Answer 47

drawn inferiorly from the anterior axilla (armpit)

Question 48

what is midaxillary?

Answer 48

drawn inferiorly from the middle of the axilla

Question 49

what is posterior axillary?

Answer 49

drawn inferiorly from the posterior axilla

Question 50

what is scapular?

Answer 50

drawn inferiorly through the scapula

Question 51

what is midvertebral?

Answer 51

drawn straight down along the spinous processes of the vertebrae