IMMS session 4: introduction to the cardiorespiratory system Flashcards
what are the major contents of the thorax?
- heart
- lungs
- trachea
- oesophagus
what is the scientific name for rib cage?
thoracic cage
what is the purpose of the thoracic cage?
- protects the thoracic and some abdominal organs
- attachment for muscles that control breathing and move the upper limbs
what is the scientific name for organ?
viscera
what is the rib cage composed of?
- sternum
- ribs
- thoracic vertebrae
how many ribs are there?
12
where does the sternum lie anatomically?
anterior in the mid line of the thoracic cage
what is the sternum composed of?
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
what are some features of the manubrium?
- has a notch called the suprasternal (jugular) notch
- articulates with the clavicle (collar bone)
what is the joint where the manubrium and the clavicle articulate called?
sternoclavicular joint
what is the joint where the manubrium and body articulate called?
manubriosternal joint
at is the angle where the manubrium and body articulate called?
the sternal angle
what is the name of the cartilage found anterior on the ribs and its significance?
costal cartilage
gives the thoracic cage some ‘springiness’
what is the name of the joint where the ribs articulate with costal cartilage?
costochondral joints
what is the name of the joint where the upper ribs articulate with the sternum?
sternocostal joints
what is the name of the joint where the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?
costovertebral joints
where do the intercostal muscles die and what is their purpose?
between the ribs
moves the thorax for breathing
what is the joint where the thoracic vertebrae articulate called?
intervertebral joints
how does the heart contract (beat)?
specialised nerve cells and fibers spontaneously generate and conduct the electrical activity that stimulates contraction
what impacts do the sympathetic and parasympathetic control have on the heart rate?
- sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate
- parasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate.
what are the four chambers of the heart?
left and right atria, left and right ventricles
are the atrial or ventricular chambers of the heart muscular walls thicker and why?
ventricles because they are pumping chambers
what is the purpose of valves?
heart ensure that blood flows only in one direction through the heart and cannot flow backwards
what are the atrioventricular valves?
valves lie between the atria and ventricles (the tricuspid valve on the right and the mitral valve on the left)
what are the semi-lunar valves?
valves lie between the ventricles and the large blood vessels that carry blood from them
what supplies blood to the myocardium?
coronary arteries
what is the name of the circulation that occurs between the heart and the lungs?
cardiopulmonary circulation
where and what type of blood does the right atrium receive?
deoxygenated blood
via the superior an inferior vena cava veins
where and what type of blood does the right atrium receive?
deoxygenated blood
from the right atrium
what are lungs divided into?
lobes
what it the right lung divided into?
three lobes: a superior (upper), middle and inferior (lower) lobe
what is the left lung divided into?
two lobes: a superior and an inferior lobe
what separates lobes?
fissures
what vessels serve each lungs?
- one pulmonary artery
- two pulmonary veins
- one main bronchus
what do pulmonary arteries do?
carry deoxygenated blood into the lung from the right ventricle
what does the main bronchus do?
carry air between the lung and trachea
what do pulmonary veins do?
carry oxygenated blood from the lung into the left atrium
what is the bronchial tree?
describes the branching system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs
what are the names of the membranes that cover the lungs?
the visceral and parietal pleura
what is the site of gas exchange in the lung?
the alveoli
what is the walls of the bronchioles composed of?
smooth muscle, no cartilage
what are the walls of the trachea and bronchi composed of?
smooth muscles and cartilage
what is the purpose of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi?
acts as a scaffold and ensures that the trachea and bronchi remain open
is the movement of smooth muscle in the bronchioles autonomic or somatic control?
autonomic
what does parasympathetic stimulation of the bronchioles do and what is this called?
narrows the bronchioles
bronchoconstriction
what does sympathetic stimulation of the bronchioles do and what is this called?
opens the bronchioles
bronchodilation
what is surface anatomy?
the study of anatomical structures by looking, feeling, and listening, without opening the body up
why is the sternal angle a key landmark?
it lies at the same level as the second ribs - and from here we can count the rest of the ribs
what is midsternal?
drawn straight down the centre of the sternum
what is mid clavicular?
drawn inferiorly from the midpoint of the clavicle
what is anterior axillary?
drawn inferiorly from the anterior axilla (armpit)
what is midaxillary?
drawn inferiorly from the middle of the axilla
what is posterior axillary?
drawn inferiorly from the posterior axilla
what is scapular?
drawn inferiorly through the scapula
what is midvertebral?
drawn straight down along the spinous processes of the vertebrae
