IMMS Flashcards
how much energy can be obtained from carbohydrates?
4kcal/gram
how much energy can be obtained from protein?
4kcal/gram
how much energy can be obtained from alcohol?
7kcal/gram
how much energy can be obtained from lipid?
9kcal/gram
what is the basal metabolic rate?
the amount of energy required to keep the body alive at rest
what is the energy required to maintain the basal metabolic rate?
1 kcal/kg body mass/hr
what factors can increase BMR?
1) high BMI
2) hyperthyroidism
3) fever/infection
4) pregnancy
5) exercise
what factors can decrease BMR?
1) ageing
2) being female
3) starvation
4) hypothyroidism
where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
what is the overall equation for glycolysis?
glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H + + 2H2O
what happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
pyruvate will enter the krebs cycle and undergo oxidative phosphorylation
what happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?
pyruvate will convert to lactate and the lactate will undergo lactic acid fermentation
how many molecules of ATP is produced in aerobic respiration?
38
how many molecules of ATP is produced in anaerobic respiration?
2
what are the three ways that substrates can enter glycolysis?
- dietary glycose
- glycogenolysis
- other monosaccharides
what is dietary glucose?
glucose is directly absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract and enters the pathway
what is glycogenolysis?
glucose is released from hepatic stores of glycogen and enters the pathway
what is hepatic?
relating to the liver
what are ‘other monosaccharides’ and how do they enter glycolysis?
galactose and fructose
enter glycolysis at various levels via common intermediates
where does galactose enter glycolysis?
in the first stage where it is converted to G6P
Why can glycogen in skeletal muscle only serve the individual muscle cells it is stored in?
glycogen in skeletal muscle cannot be fully broken down into glucose and therefore cannot leave the cell
why are glucose transporters required?
to allow glucose to pass from the extracellular space (bloodstream) to the intracellular space to be used by cells
what is Km?
the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is 50% of the Vmax
what are the names of the four different types of glucose transporters?
- GLUT-1
- GLUT-2
- GLUT-4