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Phase 1 > IMMS: Histology > Flashcards

IMMS: Histology Flashcards

Epithelia; Epithelial junctions; Connective tissue

1
Q

What shape are smooth muscle cells?

A

Fusiform (spindle shaped).

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2
Q

What do polygonal cells look like?

A

Irregular shape, lots of soft cells squished together.

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3
Q

Why might a cell have a large nucleus?

A

Metabolically active; transcribing DNA to make proteins. Often also have nucleolus.

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4
Q

What filaments are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin.

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5
Q

What filaments are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin.

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6
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Made of proteins, spread forces through tissues. Different types of cells have different ones.

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7
Q

What sort of cells look like fried eggs?

A

Squamous cells! Nucleus projects up from cell.

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8
Q

What organelle can appear as a pale area in a cell?

A

Golgi body.

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9
Q

What filament in cytoskeleton has the smallest diameter?

A

Actin (5 nanometers).

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10
Q

What has a larger diameter: intermediate filaments or microtubules?

A

Microtubules (tubulin has 25 nanometer diameter).
Intermediate filaments (e.g. nuclear laminin) have 10 nanometer diameter.

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11
Q

What intermediate filament is predominantly found in muscle?

A

Desmin.

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12
Q

What sort of muscle cells are striated?

A

Skeletal or cardiac.

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13
Q

What is the difference between nucleus in cardiac muscle cells versus skeletal muscle?

A

Cardiac muscles cells: single nucleus, rounded in middle of cell, branching.
Skeletal muscle: can have multiple nuclei, pushed and flattened towards edge of cell.

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14
Q

What type of epithelium is this?
Single layer of flattened plate-like cells on basement membrane, nucleus standing proud of surface of cells, thin layer of cytoplasm.

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

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15
Q

What type of epithelium is found lining renal tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

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16
Q

Where might you find simple columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of small intestine, for example.

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17
Q

What is the difference between microvilli and cilia?

A

Microvilli = for absorption - increase luminal surface area of cells, fuzzy appearance on light microscopy.
Cilia = for movement - propel material along surface of epithelium, long hair-like projections containing contractile protein.

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18
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in the skin?

A

Stratified squamous keratinising epithelium.

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19
Q

Why might an epithelium be pseudo-stratified?

A

In an epithelium which needs to stretch and contract, when stretched epithelium is single layer of cells (simple), when contracted it can look multi-layered (stratified), but all cells are still in contact with basement membrane. For example, in respiratory epithelium in bronchi.

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20
Q

Where would you find hemidesmosomes and why?

A

Joining basal cells to basement membrane - spread forces across several cells in epithelium to resist mechanical forces.

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21
Q

What two proteins are principally involved in generation of ciliary movement?

A

Tubulin and dynein.

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22
Q

What type of collagen is found in the basement membrane?

A

Type IV collagen

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23
Q

What type of secretion releases entire cells?

A

Holocrine, type of exocrine secretion.

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24
Q

What do mesenchymal cells develop into?

A

Connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue.

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25
Q

What type of cells make up connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts/cytes + adipocytes + visible fibres (collagen/elastin/reticulin) + ground substance (e.g. glycosaminoglycans, invisible fibres).

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26
Q

Where would you find Type I collagen?

A

Bone, tendon, ligaments, skin.

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27
Q

What type of collagen is in the placenta?

A

Type V

28
Q

Where might you find Type II collagen?

A

Articular cartilage, vitreous

29
Q

Where would you find Type III collagen and what is another name for it?

A

Liver, bone marrow, spleen.
AKA reticulin.

30
Q

What sort of connective tissue is this:
Widely spaced thin collagen fibres, with fibroblasts/cytes between, unstained ground substance (white space) visible.

A

Loose connective tissue.

31
Q

How would you tell the difference between lung tissue and fatty tissue sample?

A

Lung air spaces are lined by cells with nucleus, macrophages can be seen in air space. Fatty tissue has white space where fat globule has been washed out from inside the cell.

32
Q

What is the difference between white adipose and brown adipose tissue?

A

Brown adipose tissue has multiple fat globules in one cell; individual cell looks blobby. White adipose tissue only has one fat globule per cell.

33
Q

Where would you find brown adipose tissue?

A

Between shoulder blades and down back, usually only in newborn for thermoregulation.

34
Q

What sort of cells make up cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts/cytes. Might also have extracellular fibres e.g. collagen/elastin.

35
Q

What is distinctive about hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes surrounded by glassy amorphous matrix, no visible fibres.

36
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Edge of cartilage where joins other tissues, made of fibroblasts and collagen.

37
Q

Where would you find elastic collagen?

A

Epiglottis and pinna.

38
Q

What sort of fibres might you find in fibrocartilage?

A

Visible collagen fibres. e.g. in vertebral discs.

39
Q

What is the synovium and what is it made up of?

A

Lining inside joint capsules made of 1-4 layers of synovial cells; either type A (phagocytes) or type B, produce synovial fluid. Squamous or cuboidal.

40
Q

What cells are derived from haematopoeitic stem cells?

A

Monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, blood cells.

41
Q

Which cells produce elastin and what else do they produce?

A

Fibroblasts, also produce collagen.

42
Q

What cells produce fibrin?

A

Hepatocytes.

43
Q

What sort of connective tissue is a tendon?

A

Dense regular fibrous.

44
Q

Describe the structure of arteries, working outwards from the lumen.

A

Lumen, endothelium resting on basement membrane, intima, internal elastic lamina, media, external elastic lamina, adventitia.

45
Q

What cells make up the intima of arteries and what properties do they have?

A

Myointimal cells. Can secrete collagen & elastin, and are contractile.

46
Q

What makes up the media of arteries?

A

Smooth muscle cells with interspersed sheets of elastin.

47
Q

How does the structure of veins differ to arteries?

A

Veins lack elastic lamina, lumen has a wider diameter, media less well developed, irregular shape.

48
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

Loose fibrous connective tissue, containing vasa vasorum (very small blood vessels).

49
Q

What are the two elastic arteries and how do they differ from muscular arteries?

A

Aorta and pulmonary artery. Media has abundant concentric sheets of elastin and more smooth muscle.

50
Q

How do arterioles differ from arteries?

A

Thiner media - fewer muscle layers. Poorly defined elastic laminae.

51
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

Contractile cell which can wrap around circumference of capillary to contract it.

52
Q

Do venules have pericytes outside their endothelial cells?

A

Yes. Gradually replaced by smooth muscle as venules become veins.

53
Q

How are lymphatics similar to veins?

A

Thin walled and have valves.

54
Q

What is a myelinated nerve?

A

Neuron has schwann cells wrapped around the axon creating spiral of cell membrane.

55
Q

How many Schwann cells are wrapped around an axon in single point?

A

One.

56
Q

Are unmyelinated neurons supported by Schwann cells?

A

Yes, but one Schwann cell supports multiple axons and can’t wrap itself around multiple times, so they don’t have a myelin sheath.

57
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Similar to Schwann cells but in CNS neurons. Unlike Schwann cells, however, one oligodendrocyte can provide a myelin sheath to multiple (up to 50!) axons.

58
Q

What are the three connective tissues which support peripheral nerves?

A

Endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium; all are fibrous connective tissue.

59
Q

What is the function of perineurium?

A

Binds groups of axons together to form fascicles.

60
Q

What connective tissue binds fascicles together to form nerve fibres?

A

Epineurium.

61
Q

What is a neurovascular bundle?

A

Nerve + arteriole + venule.

62
Q

What are gaps between Schwann cells on same axon called and what is their function?

A

Nodes of Ranvier, help speed conduction along the nerves.

63
Q

Which axons transmit impulses faster: myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

Myelinated.

64
Q

Where would you find the cell body of a sensory neuron?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion.

65
Q

Where would you find the cell bodies of motor neurons?

A

In grey matter of spinal cord.

66
Q

What is the difference between the location of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones?

A

Sympathetic neuron = cell bodies in grey matter of spinal cord AND in adjacent sympathetic ganglion (synapse).
Parasympathetic neuron = cell bodies in brain and local ganglion (synapse).

67
Q

Can you distinguish between dorsal root ganglion and autonomic ganglion histologically?

A

No, you can only tell anatomically.

Phase 1 (16 decks)

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