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Phase 1 > CVR: Histology > Flashcards

CVR: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Give three examples of plasma proteins.

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen.

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2
Q

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

A

Serum is plasma without the clotting factors.

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3
Q

How do you recognise a neutrophil histologically?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm. Larger than RBCs.

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4
Q

How many types of cytoplasmic granules do neutrophils have and what are they?

A

3 types.
Primary, secondary, and tertiary granules.

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5
Q

How would you recognise eosinophils histologically?

A

Bi-lobed, or occasionally tri-lobed nucleus (mickey mouse ears). Distinctive large red cytoplasmic granules. Slightly larger than neutrophils.

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6
Q

How would you identify basophils histologically?

A

Rare to see.
Bi-lobed nucleus but this is often obscured by many dark stained cytoplasmic granules.

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7
Q

What do basophil granules contain?

A

Histamine.

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8
Q

How would you identify a lymphocyte histologically?

A

Large nucleus and clear blue/grey cytoplasm. (can’t differentiate between T and B cells histologically).

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9
Q

How would you identify monocytes histologically?

A

Distinctive kidney-bean shaped (reniform) nucleus.
Can have some cytoplasmic granules (though officially are classified as agranulocytes).

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10
Q

What three major types of granules are found in platelets and what do they contain?

A

Alpha-granules: most common, contain proteins for coagulation, inflammation, and wound-healing.
Dense granules: contain small molecules including adenosine, calcium ions. Stimulate platelets at sites of vascular injury.
Lysosomes: contain enzymes.

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11
Q

Where is the haematopoietic bone marrow?

A

Ends of the long bones and in flat bones e.g. skull, ribs, pelvis, sternum, scapula, vertebra.

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12
Q

In bone marrow, which lies closer to the bony trabeculae, myelon series or erythron series?

A

Myelon series.

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13
Q

During erythropoiesis, do the cells get bigger or smaller during each progressive step of development?

A

Smaller!

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14
Q

What is myelopoiesis?

A

Production/development of white blood cells.

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15
Q

What proportion of the blood is made up of white blood cells?

A

1% (in the buffy coat)

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16
Q

Which is the predominant leucocyte?

A

Neutrophils.

40-75% of leucocytes are neutrophils.
20-50% are lymphocytes.

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17
Q

A patient has a Strongyloides stercoralis infestation. This is a parasitic roundworm, Numbers of which cell type increase in patients with worms?

A

Eosinophil

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18
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes mature in adults?

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

How would you identify a plasma cell histologically?

A

Eccentric nucleus with coarse chromatin - which may look like a clockwork pattern in nucleus, prominent hof (light area next to nucleus - the golgi body).

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20
Q

What is another name for neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

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21
Q

When monocytes settle in the liver, what cells do they differentiate into, and what function do they provide?

A

Kupffer cells.
Monitor blood entering the liver and clear debris, degenerated cells, and potentially harmful materials/bacteria from the gut/bloodstream.

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22
Q

What is the multipotential haematopoeitic stem cell?

A

Haemocytoblast.

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23
Q

What cell gives rise to platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes.

24
Q

Which of these statements concerning erythropoiesis is true?

A: Early precursors are eosinophilic
B: It occurs away from bony trabeculae
C: Nuclear shape becomes increasingly complex
D: Organelle numbers increase
E: The cell gets progressively larger

A

B: It occurs away from bony trabeculae
Still occurs in the bone marrow, but away from the bony trabeculae.

Eosinophilic = stain pink/purple with H&E, early precursors of RBCs stain blue.
RBCs get progressively smaller as they mature, lose nucleus and organelles.

25
Q

Respiratory epithelium lines lines the tubular portion of the respiratory tract. Describe this epithelium histologically.

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, interspersed by goblet cells.

26
Q

What sort of epithelium lines the opening of the nose?

A

Keratinising squamous epithelium.

27
Q

What does the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity rest on?

A

Richly vascular lamina propria containing seromucinous glands.

28
Q

Why does the nose contain so many thin walled arterioles?

A

To warm and humidify inspired air.

29
Q

How does the olfactory area in the roof of the nasal cavity differ from standard respiratory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor cells with supporting sustentacular and basal cells.
Embedded bipolar neurons with dendritic processes reach the surface of epithelium.
Ducts of serous glands of Bowman.

30
Q

What is the function of the glands of Bowman in the olfactory centre of the nose?

A

Produces watery secretion which acts as a solvent of odorous substances.
Irrigate epithelium to refresh it.

31
Q

What part of the larynx does not have respiratory epithelium?

A

The vocal cords, which have stratified squamous epithelium, overlying loose irregular fibrous tissue (Reinke’s space).

32
Q

What sort of cartilage holds open the trachea?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

33
Q

What smooth muscle forms the posterior trachea?

A

Trachealis smooth muscle.

34
Q

Can you tell the difference between the main, lobar, and segmental bronchi histologically?

A

No.

35
Q

How do the bronchioles differ from bronchi histologically?

A

More sparsely ciliated columnar epithelium, not standard respiratory epithelium.
Both have smooth muscle and some basal neuroendocrine cells.
Bronchioles don’t have cartilaginous rings or seromucinous glands.
Bronchioles have a few goblet cells, and clara cells.

36
Q

What are clara/club/bronchiolar exocrine cells and where would you find them?

A

Clara cells are most numerous in terminal bronchioles.
Don’t have cilia. Have many secretory granules.
Function is unknown.

37
Q

What links the terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts?

A

Respiratory bronchioles.

38
Q

Describe the histological structure of respiratory bronchioles.

A

Cuboidal ciliated epithelium, spirally-arranged smooth muscle, no cartilage.

39
Q

Describe the histological structure of alveoli.

A

Delicate air-filled sacs, surrounded by a network of capillaries sandwiched between the alveoli walls: simple squamous epithelium of type I pneumocytes, with some globular type II pneumocytes.

40
Q

Which are larger, type I pneumocytes or type II pneumocytes?

A

Type II pneumocytes.

41
Q

What do type II pneumocytes do?

A

Synthesise, store, and release surfactant.

42
Q

What is surfactant? Why is it important?

A

Phospholipid based secretion, spreads across alveolus lining.
Reduces surface tension - facilitating expansion and collapse of alveoli during respiration.
Prevents desiccation of alveolus by forming a lipid-like insulating layer over alveolus surface.

43
Q

Do alveolar macrophages float in the air space inside alveoli?

A

No, they are adhered to the epithelium, however, often separate during tissue processing so appear to be floating in histological specimens.

44
Q

In alveoli, how many layers does the air-blood barrier have in simplest possible terms? What are they?

A

5 layers
1. Surfactant
2. Type 1 pneumocyte
3. Basement membrane
4. Capillary endothelial cell
5. RBC membrane

45
Q

In alveoli, do type 1 pneumocytes and capillary endothelial cells share a basement membrane or are there two basement membranes between them?

A

Basement membrane is shared.

46
Q

Where in the alveoli are the capillary endothelial cells not in direct contact with pneumocytes?

A

In the alveoli interstitium.

47
Q

What does the alveoli interstitium contain?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages.

48
Q

Describe the visceral pleura histologically.

A

Flat mesothelial cells resting on a basement membrane, with loose fibrocollagenous connective tissue separating the visceral pleura from the lung tissue.

49
Q

Which of these is not a feature of respiratory epithelium?
* Basement membrane
* Goblet cells
* Lines the nasopharynx
* Microvilli
* Pseudostratification

A

Microvilli

50
Q

Which of these is lined by respiratory epithelium?
* Alveoli
* Bronchi
* Nares
* Roof of nasopharynx
* Vocal cords

A

Bronchi

51
Q

What type of tissue holds open the larynx and trachea?

A

Hyaline cartilage

52
Q

What tissue bridges the gap between the free ends of C-shaped cartilages in the trachea?

A

Smooth muscle (trachealis).

53
Q

Which of the following is present within the walls of bronchi but not bronchioles?
* Arterioles
* Cartilage
* Lymphoid tissue
* Respiratory epithelium
* Smooth muscle

A

Cartilage

54
Q

Where is Reinke’s space?

A

In the vocal cords.

55
Q

Where are the pores of Kohn?

A

Alveolar walls.

Phase 1 (11 decks)

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