Immigration and Youth Justice; ch. 2, 5 Flashcards
immigration
immigration (f)
the process of people establishing homes, and often citizenship, in a country that is not their native country
mouvement de personnes qui entrent dans un pays avec l’intention de s’y établir et de devenir des résidents permanents
society
société (f)
A social system where a group of people share a common geographic region, sense of common identity and culture, and who participate in shared political and economic institutions for a communal purpose or interest
groupe de personnes liées par une activité commune ou des intérêts communs
refugee
réfugiée (f), réfugié (m)
a person who seeks refuge in another country because of danger or persecution in their home country
personne qui quitte son pays pendant une guerre ou un régime d’opression, pour échapper au danger de la guerre, de l’oppression ou de la persécution
rehabilitate
réadapter
to instill positive behaviours and attitudes
encourager une attitude et des comportements positifs
reintegrate
réinsérer
to make part of again (part of a group, for example)
faire entrer à nouveau (dans un groupe, par exemple)
sentence
peine (f)
a consequence for a crime, such as imprisonment, determined by court of law
condamnation appliquée à titre de punition pour un délit (peine de prison, par exemple) et imposée par un tribunal
justice
justice (f)
applying laws
action par laquelle le pouvoir judiciare applique les lois
community service
travaux (m) communautaires
help in the community performed as part of a sentence, such as assisting with a community clean-up or food bank
travail effectué dans la communauté à titre de condamnation (travail dans une banque alimentair, peinture ou nettoyage dans un bâtiment public)
criminal record
casier (m) judiciare
a permanent record of breaking the law, which is public information. A criminal record can bar you from some jobs, volunteer positions and travel to other countries.
ensemble des renseignments relatifs à l’activité criminelle d’un individu. Un tel casier peut empêcher d’occuper certains emplois ou postes bénévoles, ou de voyager à l’étranger
labour force growth
accroissement (m) de la main-d’oeuvre
the growth of the labour force (the number of people who can work)
augmentation du nombre de personnes aptes au travail
health insurance
police (f) d’assurance maladie
an agreement by a company to pay for your health services, in exchange for a fee that you pay each month or each year
contrat avec une compagnie qui devra payer des services de santé en échange d’une somme versée sur une base mensuelle ou annuelle
demographic
démographique (f)
to do with the characteristics of populations
qui a trait aux caractéristiques des populations
what is the purpose of Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act?
- pursue social, cultural, and economic benefits for all Canadians
- respect the bilingual and multicultural character of Canada
- share the benefits of immigration and support a prosperous economy across all regions of Canada
- promote the successful integration of immigrants into Canadian society
What categories and percentages of immigration are contained in Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act?
- refugees 13%
- family class 28%
- economic immigrants 55%
- other 4%
Why does Canada’s workforce need immigration?
Canada’s labour force is shrinking because the amount of people retiring does not equal the amount of people entering the labour force so Canada needs immigration to ensure growth
What is the point system for accepting immigrants?
an economic immigrant needs 67 points to qualify for immigration based on different factors. These factors include:
- education
- ability to speak English or French
- work experience
- age
- arranged employment
- adaptability
Which categories of immigrants do not have to qualify under the point system?
-family class
-refugees
List three health factors that impact qualifying as an immigrant into Canada
- communicable disease that could put Canadians at risk
- mental illness that could put Canadians at risk
- health that could cost a lot to treat such as AIDS or HIV and thus would put demand on Canada’s health services
How have Canada’s immigration laws changed over time?
We used to exclude people based on race or country of origin, favouring British ancestry.
This is now not a factor, but other factors are still in place that could make correlations between race and acceptability (such as if you are from a place with many communicable diseases, you are less likely to get into Canada since you have that disease etc.)
What is the age range outlined in the YCJA? (Youth Criminal Justice Act that was established in 2003)
12 - 17 years old
What is the age range for the CC Of C (Criminal Code of Canada)?
adults (18 and up)
What is the YCJA
Youth Criminal Justice Act:
- allows for counselling and community service as consequences
- prohibits adult sentences for 12-14 years old people.
- allows for adult sentences for above those ages, but only for serious crimes
- protects the privacy of young offenders as long as they are not tried as an adult (news media is not allowed to publish names unless they are tried as an adult)
- most young offenders can avoid a criminal record
What is the CC Of C?
Criminal Code of Canada
- for adults
- the usual consequence is going to court
- defines sentences which sometimes includes imprisonment
- allows the publication of offenders’ names
- creates a criminal record for most offenders
What role do First Peoples elders play in issuing meaningful consequences to youth who commit crimes in their communities?
- youth justice comities exist
- sentencing circles
- breaking a law in a community hurts the whole community
- Elders can use their knowledge and experience to help make decisions based on what is best for everyone in the community
What are two Justice Advocacy Groups that you know of? Describe one:
John Howard Society: wants the government to work towards preventing young people turning towards crime by ensuring education, ending poverty, and providing addiction counselling among other solutions
Elizabeth Fry Society: wants the government to ensure that offenders can re-enter society and become better citizens through rehabilitation
classes
the system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status
deportation
With a Deportation Order, you are permanently barred from returning to Canada and cannot return unless you apply for an ARC (Authorization to Return to Canada). If the CBSA (Canada Border Services Agency) paid for your removal from Canada, you must also repay that cost before you are eligible to return
economic factors
unemployment, exchange rates, inflation, wages, and supply and demand, typically impact how businesses make a profit and increase their efficiency.
Elizabeth Fry
The Elizabeth Fry Society groups work on issues affecting women, girls and gender diverse people in the justice system. The societies take their name from prison reformer Elizabeth Fry. The organization was started in 1969, with formal incorporation as a non-profit organization occurring in 1978.
Immigration and Refugee board
It is responsible for making well-reasoned decisions on immigration and refugee matters, efficiently, fairly and in accordance with the law.
individual rights and freedoms
A common privilege given to all citizens for example the right to vote, the right to property, the right to worship, the right to information, etc. Rights have limitations. Sometimes the rights of one individual or group may conflict with the rights of another individual or group.
John Howard
The John Howard Society is a network of 65 offices across Canada whose mission is to provide various kinds of rehabilitative and reintegrative services to released prisoners; everything from basic job search skills to anger management to life skills to finding affordable housing.
jury duty
Through participation in the jury system, people in a community play a direct role in the administration of justice and help to maintain all of our own rights and freedoms; a Juror Summons is delivered to you; the summons tells you the day and time to attend jury selection
To serve on a jury, you must be:
a Canadian citizen
at least 18 years of age
If you are selected to serve on a jury, you will be:
paid $50 per day of jury duty
reimbursed for reasonable travel expenses
reimbursed for accommodation expenses – if overnight stays are required and approved by the Jury Management Office
legal rights
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the equivalent to our Bill of Rights. Both guarantee the right to freedom of speech and the press, peaceably assemble, travel, due process, privacy, an attorney and speedy trial in criminal cases, and trial by jury in certain cases.
The Canadian Bill of Rights was enacted by Parliament in 1960. It applies to legislation and policies of the federal government and guarantees rights and freedoms similar to those found in the Charter. However, the Bill of Rights is not part of the Constitution of Canada.
offence
a breach of a law or rule; an illegal act.
persecution
severe hostility and ill-treatment, especially on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation or political beliefs
point system
A points-based immigration system is an immigration system where a noncitizen’s eligibility to immigrate is (partly or wholly) determined by whether that noncitizen is able to score above a threshold number of points in a scoring system that might include such factors as education level, wealth, connection with the country, language fluency, existing job offer, or others
privacy
the state of being free from public attention
provincial
of or concerning a province of a country
nomination
the act of officially suggesting someone or something for a job, position, or prize
In politics this is for suggesting someone as a future leader
jury
a group of citizens who try an accused charged with a criminal offence
defense
put forward by a party to defeat a suit or action brought against the party
prosecution
the institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge
sequester
Every juror must stay in the jury room until they reach a verdict
criminal code of Canada
a federal law that includes definitions of most of the criminal offences that the Parliament of Canada has enacted. It is often updated as society evolves and to improve the Canadian criminal process
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (replaces the Immigration Act)
sets out the core principles and concepts that govern Canada’s immigration and refugee protection programs
Chinese Head Tax
What is it and when was it first levied?
a fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada. The head tax was first levied after the Canadian parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 and it was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR).
