Imm: Exam IV Flashcards
Topic 13
Immunodeficiencies
Definition: Pathogen ____ and ____ of the immune system
Can be…
- Primary (____) immunodeficiencies
- Secondary (____) immunodeficiencies
Bank: subversion evasion acquired inherited
Immunodeficiencies
Definition: Pathogen evasion and subversion of the immune system
Can be…
- Primary (inherited) immunodeficiencies
- Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies
Topic 13
Mechanisms Used by Pathogens to Evade the Immune System:
- Genetic ___
- Mutation and ___
- Antigenic drift: ____
- Antigenic shift: ____
- Gene ____
- Hiding: viral ____
- ____antigen
Bank: rearrangement recombination epidemics variation pandemics latency super
Mechanisms Used by Pathogens to Evade the Immune System:
- Genetic variation
- Mutation and recombination
- Antigenic drift: epidemics
- Antigenic shift: pandemics
- Gene rearrangement
- Hiding: viral latency
- Superantigen
Topic 13
Pathogen Evasion:
Genetic _____
- Strategy used by _____ to evade a host’s immune response to maximize their probability of being transmitted to a fresh ___ or to continue growing.
- S. pnuemoniae has at least 90 different ____
Bank: serotypes pathogens host variation
Pathogen Evasion:
Genetic Variation
- Strategy used by pathogens to evade a host’s immune response to maximize their probability of being transmitted to a fresh host or to continue growing.
- S. pnuemoniae has at least 90 different serotypes
Topic 13
Pathogen Evasion: Gene Mutation
- Influenza antigenic ___: high mutation rate of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) genes changes the surface antigens every year (____)
- __ H variants and __ N variants (H1N1).
- Original antigenic sin
Bank: epidemics drift 9 13
Pathogen Evasion: Gene Mutation
- Influenza antigenic drift: high mutation rate of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) genes changes the surface antigens every year – epidemics
- 13 H variants and 9 N variants (H1N1).
- Original antigenic sin
Topic 13
Pathogen Evasion: Genome Recombination
- Influenza antigenic ____: influenza RNA genomes recombination between different -____ (e.g. human vs avian), happens every 10-50 years, and causes ____ diseases. Spanish flu killed millions of people
Bank:
pandemic
species
shift
Pathogen Evasion: Genome Recombination
- Influenza antigenic shift: influenza RNA genomes recombination between different species (e.g. human vs avian), happens every 10-50 years, and causes pandemic diseases. Spanish flu killed millions of people
Topic 13
Pathogen Evasion:
Gene Rearrangement
- African _____ (a protozoan) has a life cycle between human and insects
- Only one variant can express at a time by gene conversion _____
- ____ immune responses and dominant/minority changes and leaves immune complex depositions in
the nerve system and causes ____ sickness
Bank: sleeping rearrangement repeated trypanosome
Pathogen Evasion:
Gene Rearrangement
- African Trypanosome (a protozoan) has a life cycle between human and insects
- Only one variant can express at a time by gene conversion rearrangement
- Repeated immune responses and dominant/minority changes and leaves immune complex depositions in
the nerve system and causes sleeping sickness
Topic 13
Pathogen Evasion: Identity Hiding
- ____ simplex virus (cause of cold sores) infects ____ cells and then spread to sensory neurons
- Immune system clears those in ____, but not in the neurons due to viral latency and low of MHC-1 on neurons
- ____ (sunlight, infection) reactivate the virus and they travel down and reinfect the epithelium
- Herpesvirus varicella-zoster (____) and Epstein-Barr virus employ a similar strategy
Bank: epithelium shingles herpes epithelial stresses
Pathogen Evasion: Identity Hiding
- Herpes simplex virus (cause of cold sores) infects epithelial cells and then spread to sensory neurons
- Immune system clears those in epithelium, but not in the neurons due to viral latency and low of MHC-1 on neurons
- Stresses (sunlight, infection) reactivate the virus and they travel down and reinfect the epithelium
- Herpesvirus varicella-zoster (shingles) and Epstein-Barr virus employ a similar strategy
Topic 13
Pathogen Subversion Weakens the Immune System
- _____ aureus makes
staphylococcus superantigen-like protein (SSLP) - Blocks ____
- Inhibits ___ activation
Bank:
phagocytosis
C5
staphylococcus
Pathogen Subversion Weakens the Immune System
- Staphylococcus aureus makes
staphylococcus superantigen-like protein (SSLP) - Blocks phagocytosis
- Inhibits C5 activation
Topic 13
Superantigens
- _____ superantigen: Soluble protein from bacterium, exotoxins
- _____ superantigen: membrane proteins produced by some viruses
- Up to 20% of circulating naïve ____ T cells can be activated and make IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α causing systemic shock
- Useful _____ immune responses are suppressed
Bank: adaptive Endogenous Exogenous CD4
Superantigens
- Exogenous superantigen: Soluble protein from bacterium, exotoxins
- Endogenous superantigen: membrane proteins produced by some viruses
- Up to 20% of circulating naïve CD4 T cells can be activated and make IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α causing systemic shock
- Useful adaptive immune responses are suppressed
Topic 13
Inherited Immunodeficiencies
- Caused by immune gene _
- 3 types:
- ____
- ____
- ____
Bank: mutations recessive dominant X-linked
Inherited Immunodeficiencies
- Caused by immune gene mutations
- 3 types:
- Dominant
- Recessive
- X-linked
Topic 13
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
X-linked SCID:
- X-Linked Agamaglobulinemia (XLA), Mutant Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (Btk), no __ cells
- X-linked hyper IgM syndrome, defect of \_\_\_\_ ligand gene in T cells, no isotype switching, B cells only produce IgM - IL-2R-γ chain mutation, T cell fails development
Bank: B T CD40 CD80
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
X-linked SCID:
- X-Linked Agamaglobulinemia (XLA), Mutant Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (Btk), no B cells
- X-linked hyper IgM syndrome, defect of CD40 ligand gene in T cells, no isotype switching, B cells only produce IgM - IL-2R-γ chain mutation, T cell fails development
Topic 13
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Autosomal SCID:
- RAG1/2 mutation (____)
- \_\_\_\_ mutation - ZAP-70 - FOXN1 mutation, \_\_\_\_ (nude mice)
Bank:
CD3
athymic
Omenn syndrome
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Autosomal SCID:
- RAG1/2 mutation (Omenn syndrome)
- CD3 mutation - ZAP-70 - FOXN1 mutation, athymic (nude mice)
Topic 13
Gene mutations
affect __ and __
cell development and activation
Gene Mutations
Affect T and B
Cell Development
Topic 13
Defects of phagocytes
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (___)
- Chronic granulomatous disease (___)
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (___) deficiency
- Myeloperoxidase deficiency (___)
- Chediak - Higashi syndrome (___)
Bank: CGD CHS G6PD MPOD LAD
Defects of phagocytes
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
- Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
- Myeloperoxidase deficiency (MPOD)
- Chediak - Higashi syndrome (CHS)
Topic 13
Complement System Gene Mutations
Classical pathway: deficiency leads to _____ disease
MBL pathway: Deficiency of MBL leads to ____ infections, mainly in childhood
Alternative pathway: deficiency leads to infection with ____ bacteria and Neisseria app. but no immune complex disease
Bank:
bacterial
immune-complex
pyogenic
Complement System Gene Mutations
Classical pathway: deficiency leads to immune-complex disease
MBL pathway: Deficiency of MBL leads to bacterial infections, mainly in childhood
Alternative pathway: deficiency leads to infection with pyogenic bacteria and Neisseria app. but no immune complex disease
Topic 13
Therapies for Primary Immunodeficiency
- Replacement of a ___ protein
- Replacement of a missing or ___ gene
- Replacement of a missing cell ____ or lineage
Bank:
defective
type
missing
Therapies for Primary Immunodeficiency
- Replacement of a missing protein
- Replacement of a missing or defective gene
- Replacement of a missing cell type or lineage
Topic 13
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Comes from human immunodeficiency virus (___)
- It is a slow progressing ___ retrovirus, also called ___
- It infects ___ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Bank: HIV RNA lentivirus CD4+ CD8+
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Comes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- It is a slow progressing RNA retrovirus, also called lentivirus
- It infects CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Topic 13
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- HIV-1 uses membrane protein ___ and ____ to bind to ___ on target cells (macrophage, DC, TH cells)
- The entrance of HIV-1 into cells requires the CD4/gp120/gp41 complex bind to a co-receptor
Chemokine receptor: ___ or ___ - HIV-1 has two major variants:
- __ strain
- __ strain
Bank: gp120 gp41 CD4 CD8 CCR5 CXCR4 R5 X4
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- HIV-1 uses membrane protein gp120 and gp41 to bind to CD4 on target cells (macrophage, DC, TH cells)
- The entrance of HIV-1 into cells requires the CD4/gp120/gp41 complex bind to a co-receptor
Chemokine receptor: CCR5 or CXCR4 - HIV-1 has two major variants:
- R5 strain
- X4 strain
Topic 13
HIV Unleashes ______
Infections
HIV Unleashes Opportunistic
Infections
Topic 13
Why Can’t the Immune System Completely Eliminate HIV?
1) HIV is ____: RNA to DNA: high ____
2) HIV infects ___ T cells: block immune response
3) Unknown
Bank: mutation retrovirus CD4+ CD8+
Why Can’t the Immune System Completely Eliminate HIV?
1) HIV is retrovirus: RNA to DNA: high mutation
2) HIV infects CD4+ T cells: block immune response
3) Unknown
Topic 13
HIV Infection Differs In Population with Different Genetic Background
- People with ___ defects are resistant to HIV
- ___ and ___ polymorphism influences the progress of AIDS
Bank:
CCR5
HLA
KIR
HIV Infection Differs In Population with Different Genetic Background
- People with CCR5 defects are resistant to HIV
- HLA and KIR polymorphism influences the progress of AIDS
Topic 13
AIDS Treatments
1) Vaccine: ___
2) Inhibitors: partially ____
3) Only two completely cured cases (The ___ patient (Timothy Brown) and The ____ patient ( Adam Castillejo)
Bank: successful failed Berlin London
AIDS Treatments
1) Vaccine: failed
2) Inhibitors: partially successful
3) Only two completely cured cases (The Berlin patient (Timothy Brown) and The London patient ( Adam Castillejo)
Topic 14
Hypersensitivity
_____: Immune responses (similar to inflammation reactions) to ______.
______ - the result of secondary immune responses to innocuous environmental antigens.
______ - antigens that elicit allergic reaction.
______ - state of hypersensitivity against harmless environmental antigens.
Bank: Allergy Allergic reactions Allergens Hypersensitivity Innocuous antigens
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity: Immune responses (similar to inflammation reactions) to innocuous antigens.
Allergic reactions - the result of secondary immune responses to innocuous environmental antigens.
Allergens - antigens that elicit allergic reaction.
Allergy - state of hypersensitivity against harmless environmental antigens.
Topic 14
Common sources of Allergens (4)?
Respiratory
Circulatory
Digestive tract
Integument
