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Immunology > Imm: Exam II > Flashcards

Imm: Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

PowerPoint 6 Quiz

Which of the following corresponds to the antigen binding site of an immunoglobulin?

A) VL:CL 
B) CH:CL
C) VH:CL
D)  VH:VL
E) VH:CH
A

D) VH:VL

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2
Q

PowerPoint 6 Quiz

Each binding site of an immunoglobulin has ____ complementarity determining regions ( CDRs )/ hypervariable regions ( HVs ).

A) 3
B) 5
C) 6
D) 12
E) 24
A

C) 6

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3
Q

PowerPoint 6 Quiz

_______ forms dimers, whereas _______ forms pentamers.

A) IgG; IgD
B) IgA; IgM
C) IgE; IgM
D) IgD; IgM
E) IgM; IgG
A

B) IgA; IgM

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4
Q

PowerPoint 6 Quiz

The antigenic determining region of an antigen is called ____.

A) isotype
B) allotype
C) epitope
D) idiotype
E) hapten
A

C) epitope

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5
Q

PowerPoint 6 Quiz

A newborn derives passive immunity from its mother by transferring of _____ in breast milk.

A) dIgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM
A

A) dIgA

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6
Q

Topic 6

What is humoral immunity?

A

Immunity that can be transferred as a fluid or serum

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7
Q

Topic 6

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule that can be bound by an antibody or B cell and T cell receptors

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8
Q

Topic 6

What is antigenicity?

A

The ability to specifically bind to an antibody or B cell and T cell receptors

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9
Q

Topic 6

What is an immunogen?

A

An antigen that is able to stimulate an immune response

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10
Q

Topic 6

What is immunogenicity?

A

The ability to induce a humoral or cell - mediated immune response

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11
Q

Topic 6

Why are all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens?

A

Antigens cannot always stimulate an immune response

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12
Q

Topic 6

Ideal immune responses depend on the combination of ____ and ___ of immunization

A

dose; route

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13
Q

Topic 6

What are the 5 routes of immunization? Describe each.

A

1) Subcutaneous ( s.c. ): beneath the skin
Under all the skin layers

2) Intraperitoneal ( i.p. ): into the peritoneal cavity
Not in humans, only animals

3) Intravenous ( i.v. ): into a vein
Good results, not very convenient

4) Intradermal ( i.d. ): into the skin
Between the skin layers

5) Intramuscular ( i.m. ): into a muscle
Most common method of injection

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14
Q

Topic 6

What do adjuvants do?

A

Enhance immunogenicity; used to help the immunogens

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15
Q

Topic 6

What are the 4 ways adjuvants help immunogens?

A

1) Prolong Immunogen persistence
2) Enhance co-stimulatory signals
3) Increase local inflammation
4) Stimulate non-specific proliferation of lymphocytes

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16
Q

Topic 6

What is a linear epitope? A discontinuous epitope?

A

Linear: When the proteins that are bound by the antibody are all in a row ( linear )

Discontinuous: When the proteins that are bound by the antibody are not in a row

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17
Q

Topic 6

What is a multivalent antigen / antibody?

A

Multivalency is when a protein has several sites at which attachment can occur

A multivalent antigen / antibody occurs when it can bind to more than 1 epitope at a time ( can be many different epitopes or 1 repeated epitope )

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18
Q

Topic 6

What is a hapten? What is a carrier?
How do they work together?

A

Hapten: a molecule that is antigenic but not immunogenic

Carrier: a large protein that gives weight to hapten

Work together: Hapten-carrier conjugate
putting the hapten and carrier together to make the immune system recognize the hapten to produce antibodies

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19
Q

Topic 6

What are the 2 types of superantigens? What illness are they often involved in?

A

Exogenous superantigen: soluble protein from bacteria or exotoxins

Endogenous superantigen: membrane proteins produced by some viruses

Many food poisonings are caused by bacterial superantigens

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20
Q

Topic 6

Is an antibody a monomer, dimer, or trimer?
What are the binding sites (2)?
Connected by what kind of bonds?

A

Monomer

Antigen and epitope binding site

Disulfide bonds

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21
Q

Topic 6

What are the antigen binding sites (2)?

A

VL & VH are the antigen binding sites

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22
Q

Topic 6

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD

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23
Q

Topic 6

What are antibody classes determined by?

A

The heavy chain ( heavy chain gamma = IgG, heavy chain alpha = IgA, etc. )

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24
Q

Topic 6

How do the 4 subclasses of IgG differ?

A

At the hinge region

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25
Q

Topic 6

For IgG1:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) Length of the hinge region
3) How abundant in serum?
4) Binds to complement?
5) Binds to phagocytes?
6) Unique traits

A

1) Gamma 1
2) Short
3) Most abundant IgG
4) Yes
5) Yes
6) Involved in placental transfer ( mom –> fetus as passive immunity )

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26
Q

Topic 6

For IgG2:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) Length of the hinge region
3) Binds to complement?
4) Binds to phagocytes?
5) Unique traits

A

1) Gamma 2
2) Mid-length
3) Weakly
4) No
5) Binds to carbohydrate antigens and neutralization

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27
Q

Topic 6

For IgG3:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) Length of the hinge region
3) Binds to complement?
4) Binds to phagocytes?
5) Unique traits

A

1) Gamma 3
2) Long
3) Yes, strongly
4) Yes
5) Involved in placental transfer

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28
Q

Topic 6

For IgG4:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) Length of the hinge region
3) Binds to complement?
4) Binds to phagocytes?
5) Unique traits

A

1) Gamma 4
2) Short
3) Weakly
4) No
5) Weak placental transfer;
Main function: anti - inflammation, inhibit immune responses

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29
Q

Topic 6

What does transcytosis do? What is the main protein?

A
  • selectively moves materials between two environments without altering the unique compositions of those environments.
  • FcRn
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30
Q

Topic 6

Are the hinge regions of IgGs flexible?

A

YES!

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31
Q

Topic 6

For IgM:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) Binds to complement?
3) Binds to phagocytes?
4) Unique traits

A

1) mu
2) YES, “IgM’s major function is to activate the complement system”
3) No
4) Very first antibody produced in response to an antigen; In its membrane bound form, it is involved in B cell development

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32
Q

Topic 6

For IgA:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) Monomer or dimer?
3) What are the subclasses?
4) Unique traits

A

1) alpha 1/2
2) Can be present as both
3) IgA1 and IgA2
4) Dimeric IgAs ( Secretory ) are constantly being made because they are good neutralization antibody; Not involved in placental transfer, but transfer through milk ( mother to baby )

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33
Q

Topic 6

For IgD:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) Binds to complement?
3) Binds to phagocytes?
4) Unique traits

A

1) Delta
2) No
3) No
4) Sensitizes basophils; Anti - respiratory infectious;
In it membrane bound form, it is involved in B cell development

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34
Q

Topic 6

For IgE:

1) What is the heavy chain?
2) How abundant in serum?
3) Binds to complement?
4) Binds to phagocytes?
5) Unique traits

A

1) Epsilon
2) Least abundant
3) No
4) No
5) Strongly binds to mast cells (sensitizes), activates eosinophils and basophils

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35
Q

Topic 6

All antibodies are produced by what?

A

Plasma cells, differentiated from B cells

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36
Q

Topic 6

What immunoglobulins transfer antibodies via the following methods?

Blood:
Extracellular fluid:
Mucosal epithelia:
Connective tissue:

Bank: IgM, IgE, IgG, dIgA, IgA, mIga

A

Blood: IgM, IgG ( passive immunity ), IgA
Extracellular fluid: IgG, mIgA
Mucosal epithelia: dIgA ( passive immunity )
Connective tissue: IgE

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37
Q

Topic 6

When are babies most susceptible to infections?
Where do they receive IgGs from?

A
  • Before 1 year old

- Mother’s milk

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38
Q

Topic 6

What kinds of bonds hold an antibody together?

A

Disulfide

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39
Q

Topic 6

Antibodies are made of ___ and ___ chains

A

Light; heavy

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40
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of Isotype?

A

Different groups of antibodies determined by the constant regions of the heavy chain.
Different isotopes have different structures and different biological functions

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41
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of anti-isotype antibody?

A

The idea that different species have different isotopes

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42
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of allotype?

A

antibodies encoded by the gene alleles that are different between individuals among the population ( each human’s could be different from one another). They have the same biological function

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43
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of anti-allotype antibody?

A

The idea that different individuals in the same species have different allotypes

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44
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of an idiotype?

A

determined by the different V-regions generated by Ig gene recombination and mutation. They bind to different antigen, but have the same biological function.

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45
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of an anti-idiotype antibody?

A

In the same individual

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46
Q

Topic 6

What is a Hypervariable Region ( HV )? What is it also known as?

A
  • A major binding site for all the various antigens

- Complementarity determining regions ( CDRs )

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47
Q

Topic 6

What types of bonds are involved in antibody / antigen interaction

A

Anything but covalent bonds

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48
Q

Topic 6

Ag - Ab ( antigen - antibody ) Cross Reactivity is the cause of what type of disease?

A

Autoimmune diseases

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49
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of affinity?

A

the binding strength between a single antigen-binding site on an antibody and a single epitope

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50
Q

Topic 6

What is the definition of avidity?

A

the combined strength of multiple interactions between an multivalent antibody and antigen ( having multi - epitopes )

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51
Q

Topic 6

An antibody’s biological function is mediated by ___ receptors

A

Fc

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52
Q

Topic 6

What receptor binds to what isotype?

A

Anything gamma binds to IgG, anything epsilon binds to IgE, anything alpha binds to IgA

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53
Q

Topic 6

What is the function of neutralization?

A

Block antigen infection

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54
Q

Topic 6

What is the function of opsonization?

A

Promotion of phagocytosis of antigen by macrophages and neutrophils

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55
Q

Topic 6

Which immunoglobulins activate the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

IgM and IgG

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56
Q

Topic 6

What are the four types of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies? Describe each

A

Mouse: all mouse

Chimeric: Keeps original CDRs so you can bind to the target

Humanized: Keeps part of the original CDRs so you can bind to the target

Human: all human

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57
Q

Topic 6

What do monoclonal antibodies do?

A
  • prevent anti-antibody immune response

- engage the human effector cells through Fc region

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58
Q

PowerPoint 7 quiz

If a person carries a γ3 immunoglobulin gene mutation and can’t make γ3 heavy chain protein, what will be the antibody class that the person cannot produce?

A) IgG1
B) IgG2
C) IgG3
D) IgM
E) IgE
A

C) IgG3

γ = gamma = G

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59
Q

PowerPoint 7 quiz

FcγRIII receptor binds to___.

A) Fc region of IgA 
B) Fc region of IgD 
C) Fc region of IgG 
D) Fc region of IgE 
E) Fc region of IgM
A

C) Fc region of IgG

γ = gamma = G

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60
Q

PowerPoint 7 quiz

Antibody’s biological functions include all of these EXCEPT___.

A) activation of the classical pathway of the complement system
B) neutralization of pathogens
C) activation of phagocytosis
D) activation of T cells
E) initiation of antibody-determined cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A

D) activation of T cells

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61
Q

PowerPoint 7 quiz

The immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene consists of _______ segments, whereas the immunoglobulin light-chain gene consists of _______ segments.

A) V, D, and J; V and J 
B) κ; λ
C) V and J; V, D, and J 
D) P; N 
E) RAG-1; RAG-2.
A

A) V, D, and J; V and J

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62
Q

PowerPoint 7 quiz

Which of the following describes two recombination signal sequences (RSS) required for a permitted somatic recombination event?

A)  VH 7-12-9::9-12-7 JH
B) V 7-23-9::9-23-7 J
C) V 7-12-9::7-23-9 J
D) VH 9-23-7::7-12-9 DH
E) DH 7-12-9::9-23-7 JH
A

E) DH 7-12-9::9-23-7 JH

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63
Q

Topic 7

How many identical antigen binding sites to antibodies have?
How many domains in each? What are the domains?

A

2

2

One heavy chain ( VH ) and one light chain ( VL )

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64
Q

Topic 7

What is a hypervariable (HV ) / complementary determining ( CDR ) region?

A

Gives each antibody the chance to form a unique physiological configuration; allows that antibody to associate with its target antigen or epitope

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65
Q

Topic 7

What are framework regions ( FR ) and where are they found?

A

intervening peptide sequences

in the hypervariable (HV ) / complementary determining ( CDR ) region

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66
Q

Topic 7

The number of different antibodies that can be produced by the human body seems to be virtually limitless.
How could this happen ( 3 theories )?

A

1) Germ - line: large repertoire of Ig genes
2) Two-gene one-polypeptide model ( Dreyer and Bennett )
3) Somatic - variation: small number of Ig genes that undergo mutations or recombination in somatic cells

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67
Q

Topic 7

Junctional diversity / flexibility is thanks to ________ and _______ nucleotide addition.

A

Palindromic ( P ) and none-templated ( N )

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68
Q

Topic 7

Does somatic hypermutation and antibody isotype switching happen before or after B cell activation?

A

After

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69
Q

Topic 7

Immunoglobulins have how many loci?
What are they?

A

3

Lambda light chain, kappa light chain, and heavy chain

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70
Q

Topic 7

What differentiating factor does the heavy chain have compared to the Lambda light chain and kappa light chain?

A

D segments ( 23 of them )

All three have V, J, C segments

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71
Q

Topic 7

Ig genes in their germ line form cannot what?
How can this be fixed?

A

Be expressed / transcribed

In order for it to be able to be transcribed, it needs to be rearranged

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72
Q

Topic 7

In immunoglobulin light chain production, which peptide leaves early?

A

L

It is the leader peptide

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73
Q

Topic 7

In immunoglobulin light chain production, light chain gene segments are ____.

A

Rearranged

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74
Q

Topic 7

In immunoglobulin light chain production, how is which V or J segment to rearrange picked?

A

It is random

75
Q

Topic 7

How can we tell how many combinations of polypeptide chains the light chain can make (formula)?

A

λ + κ = VLs

76
Q

Topic 7

In immunoglobulin heavy chain production, how many rearrangement events are there?

A

2

77
Q

Topic 7

How can we tell how many combinations of polypeptide chains the heavy chain can make (formula)?

A

VH x VL

78
Q

Topic 7

Due to _____, we can produce a lot more regions of chain production.

A

the Ig gene rearrangement

79
Q

Topic 7

What are the 2 rules of Ig gene recombination?

A

1) Recombination only occurs between gene segments on the same chromosome, such as Vk to Jk, V lambda to J lambda
2) It is always DH to JH, then VH to DJH for heavy chain

80
Q

Topic 7

In a recombination signal sequence ( RSS ), there are 2 ______ sequences.

A

conserved

81
Q

Topic 7

In a recombination signal sequence ( RSS ), what letter(s) will you find at the 3’ end? 5’ end?

A

3’: V, D

5’: D, J

82
Q

Topic 7

In a recombination signal sequence ( RSS ), the ____
always directly connects to the gene segment

A

heptameter ( 7 )

83
Q

Topic 7

In a recombination signal sequence ( RSS ), what is the one turn / two turn rule?

A

a segment flanked by a 12 bp spacer ( one-turn ) RSS can only join to the one flanked by a 23 bp spacer ( two-turn ) RSS, vice versa

Example: PowerPoint 7 quiz

Which of the following describes two recombination signal sequences (RSS) required for a permitted somatic recombination event?

A)  VH 7-12-9::9-12-7 JH
       ( no, can't have 2 12s )
B) V 7-23-9::9-23-7 J
     ( no, can't have 2 23s )
C) V 7-12-9::7-23-9 J
     ( no, 7s needs to be @     the end )
D) VH 9-23-7::7-12-9 DH
      ( no, 7s needs to be @     the end )
E) DH 7-12-9::9-23-7 JH
     ( yes! )
84
Q

Topic 7

In Ig gene recombination, what binds RSS?

A

RAG - 1:2 ( protein )

85
Q

Topic 7

What cell(s) express RAG 1 and RAG 2?

A

B cells and T cells

86
Q

Topic 7

What was an experiment used to evidence Ig gene rearrangement?

A

Southern blotting

87
Q

Topic 7

What greatly increases antibody diversity?

A

Junctional flexibility ( P and N nucleotide addition)

88
Q

Topic 7

Where does junctional flexibility take place?

A

CDR3 of a V region

89
Q

Topic 7

What are the three factors, that, together, produce a huge repertoire of Igs?

A

1) Ig gene segments recombination
2) heavy/light chain recombination
3) junctional flexibility

90
Q

Topic 7

Ig gene rearrangement and P and N nucleotide addition takes place ___ a B cell encounters its antigen, while somatic mutation occurs ____.

A

Before

After

91
Q

Topic 7

Why are many of the rearrangement products unproductive?

A

The random additions of P and N nucleotides shift the open reading frame, generating stop codons

92
Q

Topic 7

What does somatic hypermutation do?

A

Furthers Antibody Diversity

93
Q

Topic 7

What initiates somatic hypermutation?

A

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase ( AID; expressed only by B cells )

94
Q

Topic 7

What is necessary for AID ( Activation - Induced Deaminase ) to occur?

A

Helper T cells

95
Q

Topic 7

What is sterile transcription?

A

DNA sequence does not have the stop codon and no cap is present = no transcription

96
Q

Topic 7

What occurs in AID ( Activation - Induced Deaminase ) that requires repair?

A

Cytosine is deaminated ( amino group C removed ) to form Uracil ( U ).
No U in DNA, so repair occurs

97
Q

Topic 7

Ig gene V region mutation rate is (more or less) than ordinary mutation rate

A

More

98
Q

Topic 7

Why is the Ig gene V region mutation rate so high ( why do we want mutation; 2 reasons )?

A

1) These mutations increase the diversity of immunoglobulins
2) Mutations improve the immunoglobulins antigen binding affinity ( “Affinity maturation “ )

99
Q

Topic 7

Where does Somatic Hypermutation mostly occur and why ( 2 reasons )?

A

Mostly in the CDR regions

Why?

     - The structure, CDR is right on top of the loops
     - The transcription opens the DNA double strand, allowing the enzyme to attack the cytidine base ( C )
100
Q

Topic 7

RAG1/2 and TdT are ____ cell specific, while AID is ____ cell specific

A

B/T

B

101
Q

Topic 7

How does a B cell select which segment for the heavy chain to make?

A

Isotype Switching

102
Q

Topic 7

If there is no Isotype Switching, what chain(s) will be made?

A

mu or delta heavy chain

103
Q

Topic 7

What signals are critical for gene isotype switching?

A

CD40L / CD40 signals

104
Q

Topic 7

What are switch regions?

A

stretches of repetitive DNAs ( WGCW ) in the introns upstream a C gene segment

Except for Cδ ( C delta )

105
Q

Topic 7

What triggers isotype switching?

A

environmental changes

106
Q

Topic 7

Does isotype switching change anything in the variable region?

A

No

107
Q

Topic 7

What does isotype switching change?

A

The isotypes of the antibody or immunoglobulin

108
Q

Topic 7

Why might new isotopes be needed?

A

Might need new isotypes as the environment ( cytokine ) changes

109
Q

Topic 7

What determines what heavy chain will be made?

A

The cytokine profile

110
Q

Topic 7

Without a switch region, how does the B cell decide to make a mu heavy chain or delta heavy chain / IgM or IgD?

A

Alternative RNA Splicing and Polyadenylation

111
Q

Topic 7

At what level ( DNA or RNA ) does alternative RNA splicing and polyadenylation occur?

A

Happens at the RNA level

112
Q

Topic 7

pA(mu)M is used in expression of IgM or IgD?

A

IgM

113
Q

Topic 7

pA(mu)M will remove all C___ segments

A

Delta

114
Q

Topic 7

pA(delta)M is used in expression of IgM or IgD?

A

IgD

115
Q

Topic 7

pA(delta)M will remove all C___ segments

A

Mu

116
Q

Topic 7

Alternative RNA splicing and polyadenylation are important for ____ development

A

B cell

117
Q

Topic 7

What does mIg stand for?

A

Transmembrane IgM

118
Q

Topic 7

What does sIg stand for?

A

Secreted IgM

119
Q

Topic 7

Where is transmembrane IgM ( mIg ) needed?

A

B cells

120
Q

Topic 7

Where is secreted IgM ( sIg ) needed?

A

Plasma cells

121
Q

Topic 8

What is the order in which B cells are made and where does each step occur?

A

1) Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell ( bone )
2) Common lymphoid progenitor ( lymph node )
3) B cell precursor ( spleen )
4) Pro B cell ( Peyer’s patches )

122
Q

Topic 8

What is the order of B cell functional development and activation?

A

1) Repertoire assembly
2) Negative selection
3) Positive selection
4) Searching for infection
5) Finding infection
6) Attacking infection

123
Q

Topic 8

Which functional steps of B cell development are antigen independent and which steps are antigen dependent? ( steps not in order )

Bank:

  • Searching for infection
  • Negative selection
  • Attacking infection
  • Positive selection
  • Repertoire assembly
  • Finding infection
A
  • Searching for infection ( D )
  • Negative selection ( I )
  • Attacking infection ( D )
  • Positive selection ( I )
  • Repertoire assembly ( I )
  • Finding infection ( D )
124
Q

Topic 8

What are the stages of B cell development and Ig gene rearrangement? ( 6 )

A

1) Stem cell
2) Early pro B cell
3) Late pro B cell
4) Large pre B cell
5) Small pre B cell
6) Immature B cell

125
Q

Topic 8

At the immature B cell stage of B cell development, L chain genes are __ and ___ rearranged.

A

V;J

126
Q

Topic 8

At the immature B cell stage of B cell development, H chain genes are __, ___, and ____ rearranged.

A

V;D;J

127
Q

Topic 8

What type of stromal cells are important for B cell development?

A

Bone marrow stromal ( BMS )

128
Q

Topic 8

What do bone marrow stromal ( BMS ) cells do to developing B cells? ( 2 )

A
  • form specific adhesive contacts with developing B cells

- provide growth factors that stimulate differentiation and proliferation

129
Q

Topic 8

What are the growth factors that bone marrow stromal ( BMS ) cells provide? ( 4 )

A
  • SCF: stem cell factor ( membrane bound )
  • SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1
  • PBSF: pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor
  • IL-7
130
Q

Topic 8

Where are pro B cells derived from?

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

131
Q

Topic 8

What are the two stages of the pro B cells? What is the joining factor of each?

A

Early pro B cell: D to J joining – on both loci

Late pro B cell: V to DJ joining – only one locus at a time

132
Q

Topic 8

____% of pro B cells go on to become pre B cells

A

50

133
Q

Topic 8

What chain is associated with the pre B cell?

A

Mu / μ

134
Q

Topic 8

What is the pre B cell receptor used for?

A

Used to check and see if everything is ok ( first checkpoint in B cell development )

135
Q

Topic 8

What are the surrogate light chains on the pre B cell receptor? ( 2 )

A

Lambda 5 and V preB

136
Q

Topic 8

What are the signaling proteins of the pre B cell receptor? ( 2 )

A

Igα and Igβ

137
Q

Topic 8

In the large pre B cell, is the light or heavy chain present?

A

Heavy chain is present, light chain is not

138
Q

Topic 8

What is the major difference between a pre B cell receptor and a real B cell receptor?

A

Pre B cell receptor light chains are not covalently bonded with the heavy chain

139
Q

Topic 8

What does the pre B cell receptor do in terms of allelic exclusion?

A

Halt RAG-1 & -2 expression and stop rearrangement of the other Ig gene heavy chain

only one rearranged light chain Ig gene expressed

140
Q

Topic 8

What happens in the small pre B cell stage? What is the order of events? ( 2 )

A

Light chain rearrangement begins ( easier because there is no D segment in the light chain )

κ light chain first, λ light chain second

141
Q

Topic 8

What is the success rate of small pre B cell rearrangement (light chain)?

A

85% success rate, instead of 50% in heavy chain

142
Q

Topic 8

What will happen if the immature B cell stage is a success? Failure?

A

Succeed: develop further
Form binding site
Correctly associate with the heavy chain

Fail: rearrange other light chain Ig genes ( 4 )

143
Q

Topic 8

How much IgM and IgD is expressed at the immature B cell stage?

A

IgM is high & IgD is low

144
Q

Topic 8

What are the “ fate determining checkpoints “ of B cells development? ( 2 )

A

1: Large pre B cell
2: Light chain check

145
Q

Topic 8

In Ig gene rearrangement, what do the stromal cell factors induce? ( 2 )

A

Pax-5 and RAG -1/2

146
Q

Topic 8

In Ig gene rearrangement, what does Pax-5 do?

A

binds to enhancers and opens the promoters

147
Q

Topic 8

In Ig gene rearrangement, what does RAG - 1/2 do?

A

starts rearrangements with other proteins

148
Q

Topic 8

Why does a B cell perform allelic exclusion?

A

to make homogeneous antibodies

149
Q

Topic 8

What is the definition of clonal deletion?

A

Immature B cells that react to a multivalent self antigens in bone marrow will enter apoptosis, but they can be rescued by receptor editing

150
Q

Topic 8

What is the definition of anergy?

A

Immature B cells that react to monovalent self antigen will enter a state of permanent unresponsiveness until they die – IgM kept in cell

151
Q

Topic 8

What is the definition of peripheral tolerance?

A

Immature B cells responsive to self-tissue specific antigens in circulation will die by apoptosis or will be rendered anergic

152
Q

Topic 8

What is the definition of no self reaction?

A

Only those immature B cells that do not react to self antigens will become mature B cells

153
Q

Topic 8

Do cells want to receive positive selection?

A

Yes, those that receive the signal survive

154
Q

Topic 8

What must cells pass through to become mature B cells?

A

primary follicles in a secondary lymphoid tissue

155
Q

Topic 8

Immature B cells express ___ IgM, __ IgD

Mature B cells express __ IgM, __ IgD

( low or high )

A

high

low

low

high

156
Q

Topic 8

What drives B cells maturation?

A

Follicular dendritic cells ( FDC )

157
Q

Topic 8

Mature B cells enter secondary lymphoid tissues via ____ or ______

A

Blood Vessels

Lymphatics

158
Q

Topic 8

B cell activation requires 3 signals. What are they?

A

Signal 1) B-cell receptor

Signal 2) B-cell co-receptor

Signal 3) T cell independent or dependent

159
Q

Topic 8

What is the prerequisite to serve as a B cell receptor?

A

Must be a membrane bound immunoglobulin

160
Q

Topic 8

In B cell activation signal #1, what is required?

A

B cell activation requires cross linking of BCRs

161
Q

Topic 8

B cell activation signal #1 expresses what? What does it do?

A

a homogeneous immunoglobulin ( increases binding specificity and binding affinity )

162
Q

Topic 8

B cell activation signal #2 expresses what?

A

complex of cell-surface molecules: CD19, CR2, & CD81

163
Q

Topic 8

What does CD19 ( B cell activation signal #2 ) do?

A

B cell marker

164
Q

Topic 8

What does CD81 ( B cell activation signal #2 ) do?

A

Brings CD19 to the cell surface

165
Q

Topic 8

What does CR2 ( B cell activation signal #2 ) do?

A

Binds C3d fragments

166
Q

Topic 8

B cell activation signal #3 can be what? ( 2 )

A

T cell independent

or

T cell dependent

167
Q

Topic 8

In signal #3, is the toll-like receptor ( TLR ) associated with T cell independent or T cell dependent activation?

A

independent

168
Q

Topic 8

In signal #3, are the high density, repetitive carbohydrates or proteins ( B-1 cells ) associated with T cell independent or T cell dependent activation?

A

independent

169
Q

Topic 8

In signal #3, are helper T cells ( CD4 TFH ) associated with T cell independent or T cell dependent activation?

A

dependent

170
Q

Topic 8

In signal #3, is

  • Somatic hypermutation (affinity maturation)
  • Class (isotype) switching
  • Generation of memory B cells

associated with T cell independent or T cell dependent activation?

A

dependent

171
Q

Topic 8

A toll-like receptor ( TLR ) activated B cell only produces what?

A

IgM in the secreted form

172
Q

Topic 8

In T-B conjugation, the
B cell presents a pathogenic antigen to a T cell using what?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex ( MHC )

173
Q

Topic 8

What is the primary and secondary focus of activating B cells?

A

Primary: IgM production

Secondary: form the germinal center

174
Q

Topic 8

What happens in the germinal center?

A

Lymphoblasts proliferate rapidly and differentiate in to centroblasts ( dark zone )

175
Q

Topic 8

What is the goal of centroblasts?

A

to improve the immuniglobulin’s binding specificity and binding ability

176
Q

Topic 8

What decides what isotype will be made?

A

The signal factors from T cells ( cytokine profile ) will decide what isotype to make ( IgG, IgD, IgE, etc )

177
Q

Topic 8

What do centroblasts become?

A

Centroblasts change to centrocytes ( light zone ), which are programmed to die unless they bind to their antigens with high affinities

178
Q

Topic 8

What helps B cells to differentiate into plasma or memory B cells?

A

IL-10 and IL-21 from TFH

179
Q

Topic 8

When do B 1 cells develop? B 2 cells?

A
  • in fetal liver in early embryonic development

- over entire lifetime

180
Q

Topic 8

B 1 cells can renew themselves, a stem cell feature. What is the problem with this?

A

renewable cells are likely to produce cancer ( leukemia )

Origin of B-cell tumor - chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL )

181
Q

Topic 8

What is the unique marker all B 1 cells have?

A

CD5

182
Q

Topic 8

Where are B 1 cells found?

A

peritoneal and pleural cavities

183
Q

Topic 8

B 1 cells produce ___ binding affinity IgM at absence of antigen ( innate immunity )

( high or low )

A

low

Immunology (4 decks)

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