Imaging of the Equine Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What are some non-imaging techniques to examine the foot?

A

Inspection of the hoof wall and sole
Palpation at the coronary band
Hoof testers and percussion
Diagnostic analgesia

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2
Q

What are the indications for diagnostic imaging of the foot?

A

Lameness localised to the foot
Penetrating wounds
Pre-purchase examination
Farriery management

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3
Q

What is the process of preparing the foot for diagnostic imaging?

A

Brushing/washing dirt off, removal of loose horn, removal of stones/dirt from frog sulci, placement of marker on dorsal hoof wall aligned with coronet, remove shoe if it is likely to obscure region of interest

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4
Q

What can be used to pack the foot to remove the outline of the foot?

A

Play-doh

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5
Q

What are some routine views in radiography of the hoof?

A

Latero-medial, Dorso - 60 degree - proximal palmarodistal oblique (upright pedal), Dorso - 45 degree - proximal palmarodistal oblique (upright pedal), Palmaro - 45 degree - proximal palmarodistal oblique (flexor view)

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6
Q

What can look like fractures in the collateral cartilages?

A

Variations in ossifications with separate centres of ossification resembling fractures
Not normally a cause of lameness

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7
Q

What other variations can look pathological?

A

Extensor process in lateromedial projection (check other leg)
Attachment of collateral ligaments of DIP joint and articular margin in lateromedial views

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8
Q

What variations are seen in dorso-60-proxial palmarodistal oblique?

A

Crema
Attachment of collateral ligaments of the DIP joint
Difference in the shape of navicular bone

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9
Q

What artefacts can be seen on the palmaro-45-proximal palmarodistal oblique?

A

Flexor cortex can appear falsely thickened
Corticomedullary definition less well defined
Medulla increased in opacity resembling sclerosis

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10
Q

How can additional diagnostic information be gained from radiographs?

A

Mediolateral foot balance and collateral cartilages in dorso-palmar views and oblique views to highlight the wings of distal phalanx using a dorso-60-proximo-45-lateral palmarodistalmedial oblique projection

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11
Q

How do you perform a radiological appraisal?

A

Assess diagnostic quality, identify a lesion, describe each lesion by its Rontgen signs, come to a diagnostic diagnosis, recommend further investigations

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12
Q

What are the Rontgen signs?

A

Opacity, size, margination, number, shape and location

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13
Q

What are the radiological signs of chronic laminitis?

A

Dorsal hoof wall thickness >3cm in horses/>2cm in ponies indicates chronic laminitis
Remodelling and fracture of solar margin = chronic

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14
Q

What radiographic sign indicates poor prognosis for laminitis cases?

A

> 15 degree angle between dorsal hoof wall and dorsal wall phalanx is a poor prognosis

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15
Q

What radiographic signs indicate sinking?

A

Founder distance of > 13 mm indicates sinking

Horizontal lucent lines at coronet = sinking

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16
Q

What radiographic sign shows separation of the lamina

A

Lucent line in dorsal hoof wall = separation of lamina

17
Q

What radiographic sign is an indication of DIP joint OA?

A

Osteophyte formation

18
Q

What radiographic signs indicate navicular disease?

A

Entheseophyte formation = spurs, proximal build up, attachment of collateral ligaments, loss of corticomedullary junction

19
Q

What is the only pathognomonic sign of navicular disease?

A

Flexor cortex erosions which are often mistaken for central cysts

20
Q

What radiographic sign of navicular disease can be seen on a DPrPaDi obl?

A

Abnormal border synocial fossae or border fragments

21
Q

What is the radiographic sign of keratoma?

A

Loss of bone from distal phalanx with well defined margins on DPrPaDi obl

22
Q

What does pedal bone osteitis look like on a radiograph?

A

Moth eaten appearance of pedal bone on DPrPaDi obl

23
Q

What can MRI be used for?

A

Diseases behind navicular syndrome