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Rad Tech School 2024 - 2026 > Imaging Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Imaging Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Latent Image?

A

An image before processing

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2
Q

What is a Manifest Image?

A

The image seen after processing

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3
Q

What is an IR?

A

A device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part

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4
Q

The protective housing is ____ and _____ the x-ray tube.

A

Lead Lined; encases

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the protective housing?

A

To provide mechanical support and protection from damage
To protect user from shock

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6
Q

Why do some tube housing contain oil?

A

To provide more insulation and a thermal cushion

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7
Q

What is the tube made of?

A

Pyrex glass

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8
Q

What is the housing designed to do?

A

limit the beam to exit through the window

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9
Q

Define off-focus radiation:

A

Radiation that occurs when x-rays are produced OUTSIDE focal spot

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10
Q

Define leakage radiation:

A

X-rays other than primary beam that escapes the tube housing

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11
Q

The Xray tube envelope can be made of ___ or ___.

A

Glass; metal

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12
Q

Why are x-ray tubes made of metal?

A

Metal can handle more heat
Metal reduces off-focus radiation

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13
Q

Why are x-ray tubes made of metal?

A

Metal can handle more heat
Metal reduces off-focus radiation

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14
Q

How big is the window/port?

A

5 cm

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15
Q

What does a glass envelope allow?

A

It allows ALL air to be removed for more efficient flow of electrons from cathode to anode

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16
Q

The whole cathode and anode must be encased within a ____?

A

Vacuum

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17
Q

An x-ray tube that contains two charged electrodes is called a :

A

Diode tube

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18
Q

the cathode is ____ charged.

A

Negatively

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19
Q

What are the two parts of the cathode?

A

Filament
Focusing cup

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20
Q

What is the filament made of?

A

Tungsten

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21
Q

What is the size range of the filament?

A

0.1 to 0.2 mm thick
1 to 2 mm wide
7 to 15 mm long

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22
Q

What is a tube with TWO filaments called?

A

Dual-focus tube

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23
Q

Which size focal spot gives better recorded detail?

A

Small

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24
Q

What is the focusing cup made of?

A

Nickel

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the focusing cup?

A

To focus the stream of electrons

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26
Q

The anode is ____ charged?

A

Positively

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27
Q

What is apart of the anode?

A

Anode(target)
Stator
Rotor

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the anode target?

A

To decelerate and stop electrons in the tube current allowing the production of x-rays

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29
Q

Where is the stator?

A

Outside of the tube

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30
Q

What is the rotor made of?

A

Copper

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31
Q

What is the target angle range?

A

5 to 20 degrees

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the anode angle?

A

To help the x-ray photons exit the tube

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33
Q

What type of interactions are produced in the anode?

A

brem
Characteristic

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34
Q

Brems Interactions diagnostic range:

A

30 to 150 kVp

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35
Q

In diagnostic imaging most interactions are _____:

A

Brem

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36
Q

Less than ___ kVp and ___% of x-ray beam consists of Brem interactions

A

70 kvp
100%

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37
Q

The only part of the X-ray tube that is located outside of the Pyrex glass is:

A

The stator

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38
Q

As wavelength of an xray increases, what happens to its frequency?

A

It decreases

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39
Q

What is the minimum rotation speed of the Anode?

A

3000 RPM

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40
Q

What interaction composes 100% of the x-ray tube beam if 70 kVp is used?

A

Brem

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41
Q

X-rays are classified as what type of radiation?

A

Electromagnetic

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42
Q

Biological changes caused by x-rays are the result of :

A

Ionization

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43
Q

______ Interactions cannot be produced at less than 70 kVp.

A

Characteristic

44
Q

What is the distance between two wave crests of an electromagnetic wave called?

A

Wavelength

45
Q

Above 70 kVp, ___ % are characteristic interactions.

A

15%

46
Q

Below _____ kvp, there are no characteristic interactions.

A

70

47
Q

Kilovoltage determines:

A

The speed of the electrons in the tube current

48
Q

Miliamperage determines:

A

The number of electrons flowing per unit time

49
Q

Exposure time and x-ray quantity are _____ proportional

A

Directly

50
Q

What is exposure time?

A

The length of time x-rays are produced

51
Q

Increasing exposure time, will ______ the total number of x-rays produced

A

Increase

52
Q

What are the prime exposure factors?

A

Kilovoltage
Miliamperage
exposure time

53
Q

As electrons strike the anode target, about ___% of the kinetic energy is converted into heat and ___ % is converted into x-rays.

A

99%
1%

54
Q

What do generators do?

A

Convert low voltage to high voltage (kilovolts)

55
Q

What are the three basic generators?

A

Single-phase
Three-phase (6-12 pulses per cycle)
High Frequency

56
Q

What is the voltage range and voltage ripple for a single-phase generator?

A

Voltage range: peak to 0
Voltage ripple: 100%

57
Q

What is the voltage ripple for a 6-pulse Three-phase generator?

A

13%

58
Q

What is the voltage ripple for a 12-pulse three-phase generator?

A

4%

59
Q

What is the most consistent type of generator?

A

High-frequency

60
Q

What is the voltage ripple of a high-frequency generator?

A

Less than 1%

61
Q

The most consistent the voltage applied to the tube, the ______ the quantity and energy level of the beam.

A

Greater

62
Q

What is the meaning of beam quality?

A

The penetrability of an xray beam

63
Q

High quality beams produce:

A

Harder xrays that penetrate more

64
Q

Lower quality beams produce:

A

Softer xrays that penetrate less

65
Q

What does the quantity of beam mean?

A

The number of photons in the beam

66
Q

kVp affects:

A

Both quantity and quality

67
Q

Higher kVp will produce _____ scatter radiation.

A

More

68
Q

Why does kVp have more effect on any other exposure factor?

A

It affects beam quality and quantity

69
Q

What is the main controlling factor of contrast?

A

KVp

70
Q

What does mA determine?

A

The tube current

71
Q

What is tube current?

A

The number of electrons flowing per unit time between cathode and anode

72
Q

What does mA determine?

A

The number of electrons flowing in the tube and the quantity of x-rays produced

73
Q

mA and quantity of electrons in tube current are ______ proportional.

A

Directly

74
Q

What is the ONLY thing mA controls on a radiograph?

A

Density

75
Q

Longer the exposure time, the ______ the quantity of electrons will flow

A

Greater

76
Q

Time and mA are multiplied together to form:

A

mAs

77
Q

What does mAs represent?

A

The total number of x-rays produced in a beam

78
Q

An increase in mAs results in a ____ of density on a radiograph

A

Increase

79
Q

a decrease in mAs results in a ______ in density on the radiograph.

A

Decrease

80
Q

mAs and density are _____ proportional

A

Directly

81
Q

mA x time =

A

mAs

82
Q

mAs/s =

A

mA

83
Q

mAs/mA=

A

S

84
Q

The density produced on the radiograph will be equal for any combination of miliamperage and exposure time (mAs), as long as the product of mAs is equal.

A

Law of Reciprocity

85
Q

Where the electrons actually bombard the target

A

Actual focal spot

86
Q

Focal spot size as measured directly under the anode target

A

Effective focal spot size

87
Q

The smaller the anode angle, the _____ the effective focal spot size

A

Smaller

88
Q

Smaller effective focal spot size produces:

A

Better image quality

89
Q

X-ray beam has a greater intensity (number of x-rays) on the _____ side

A

Cathode

90
Q

There is a ____% difference in intensities

A

45

91
Q

The Cathode end is placed over the ____ part to even out the density of a radiograph.

A

Thicker

92
Q

the decrease of anode angle will _____ the anode heel effect. Therefore making an ____ relationship.

A

Increase; inverse

93
Q

There are two types of total filtration. What are they?

A

Inherent
Added

94
Q

What type of filtration is added to the port of the x-ray tube?

A

Added

95
Q

What type of filtration is permanently in the path of the x-ray beam?

A

Inherent

96
Q

The sum of the added filtration and the inherent filtration:

A

Total filtration

97
Q

Aluminum is a type of _____ filtration?

A

Added

98
Q

The glass envelope, oil surrounding the tube, the mirror inside, and the collimators are all examples of what type of filtration?

A

Inherent

99
Q

What is the government standard of total filtration?

A

Above 70 kVP minimum filtration of 2.5 mm of aluminum

100
Q

What is the half-value layer(HVL)

A

The thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce the x-ray intensity to half of its original value

101
Q

HVL is expressed in:

A

Millimeter of aluminum (mm-Al)

102
Q

What are compensating filters used for?

A

To alter beam intensity

103
Q

What are two types of compensating filters?

A

Wedge and trough

104
Q

What is the formula used to find heat units(HU)?

A

HU=mA x time x kVp x generator factor

105
Q

What is the generator factor for a single phase generator?

A

1.00

106
Q

What is the generator factor for a three phase generator?

A

1.35

107
Q

What is the generator factor for a high frequency generator?

A

1.40

Rad Tech School 2024 - 2026 (9 decks)

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