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Renal > Imaging and Anatomy > Flashcards

Imaging and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

KIDNEYS

What is the round apex of the medullary pyramid known as?

What is the functional unit of a kidney? Which part is located in: a) the cortex? b) the medulla?

At which vertebral levels are the renal hila found: a) left? b) right?

What are the contents of the renal hila?

A

Renal papilla

Nephron: a) glomerulus, b) tubule

a) L1, b) L1/2

Renal vein, renal artery, ureter, lymphatics, nerves, renal sinus fat

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2
Q

KIDNEYS

Which renal vein is longer? Why?

Give 3 useful imaging modalities of the kidneys?

A

Left renal vein is longer, it passes anterior across the aorta to reach the right sided IVC

Ultrasound, CT, MRI

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3
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Transverse colon

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4
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Duodenum

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5
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Liver

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6
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Spleen

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7
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Splenic artery

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8
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Adrenal gland

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9
Q

What can be seen at points:

A?

B?

Arrows?

A

A) Right lobe of liver

B) Dilated calyx

C) Renal cortex

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10
Q

KIDNEYS

What is the main advantage of CT?

What are the disadvantages of CT?

What is the best way to see calculi on CT?

What are the 3 stages of CT imaging, from first to last?

A

Can see most pathologies

Radiation, and contrast induced nephropathy

No contrast

Corticomedullary, nephrographic, excretory

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11
Q

KIDNEYS

Describe the corticomedullary stage of CT?

Describe the nephrographic stage of CT?

Describe the excretory stage of CT?

A

25-75s after IV contrast

80-180s after IV contrast

5-15 min after IV contrast

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12
Q

In the retroperitoneum, there are 3 fundamental spaces. Which are shown by the:

Red arrow?

Blue arrow?

Green arrow?

A

Red = Anterior pararenal

Blue = Perirenal (enclosed by renal fascia)

Green = Posterior pararenal

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13
Q

What is CT contrast induced nephropathy?

There will be an increase in what?

What are some risk factors?

A

An impairment in renal function within 3 days following IV administration of contrast in the abscence of an alternative cause

Urea and creatinine

Renal impairment, diabetes, heart failure, nephrotoxic drugs, MI in 24 hours

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14
Q

What fluids should you give before a CT contrast scan of the kidneys?

A

1-1.5ml/kg 0.9% saline 12 or 6 hours before and after contrast administration.

Sodium bicarbonate 1 hour pre-procedure and 6 hours post

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15
Q

What are the main advantages of MRI to image the kidneys?

What are the diadvantages?

A

Visualise lots of pathologies and can do MR angiogram

Long time and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

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16
Q

What is nephrogenic systemic sclerosis?

What are some symptoms?

What is the main risk factor?

A

Severe systemic fibrosing disorder with exposure to gadolinium containing contrast media

Skin erythema, pruritis and pain- then further organ involvement

Renal impairment

17
Q

What vessel is circled?

A

Abdominal aorta

18
Q

What vessel is circled?

A

Right renal artery

19
Q

What vessel is circled?

A

Splenic artery

20
Q

What vessels are circled?

A

Lumbar arteries

21
Q

What pathology is shown on this MRA?

A

Renal artery stenosis

22
Q

CT urogram assesses which structures?

What are the two phases?

A

Collecting system, ureters and bladder

Pre-contrast and 5-15 min excretory phase post-contrast

23
Q

What structures are circled?

A

Ureters

24
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Renal pelvis

25
Q

BLADDER

What is the most common imaging technique here?

What is required to adequately assess the bladder?

What patholgies can be seen in the bladder?

What test is gold standard to see a leak through a bladder wall tear?

A

Ultrasound

A full bladder

Calculi, bladder wall irregularities, diverticula

Cystography

26
Q

BLADDER

What imaging is used to stage bladder wall tumours?

What imaging is used to assess nodal or metastatic disease?

A

MRI

CT

27
Q

URETHRA

In both males and females, the urethra originates where?

What test is mainly used?

A

Bladder neck (anteroinferior wall)

Urethrogram

28
Q

GENITALS

Ultrasound is the primary imaging choice for what?

Hysteroslpingogram is used when?

MRI is used when?

A

Testes/scrotum, uterus/ovaries, prostate biopsies

Infertility (assessing tubal patency), uterine anomalies

Local staging of prostate cancer, uterine/ovarian abnormalities not seen on US

29
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Bladder

30
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Vagina

31
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Uterus

32
Q

What structure is circled?

A

Rectum

33
Q

What structure is the arrow highlighting?

A

Pouch of Douglas

Renal (8 decks)

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