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Computer Science > Images & Sound > Flashcards

Images & Sound Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pixel?

A

The smallest element of an image that stores color.

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

The number of pixels per unit of measurement (e.g., pixels per inch or per cm).

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3
Q

How does pixel count affect image size on different screens?

A

More pixels result in a higher resolution, displaying a clearer image.

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4
Q

What is color depth?

A

The number of bits used to represent the color of each pixel.

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5
Q

How many colors can an 8-bit image represent?

A

256 colors.

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6
Q

How many unique colors can a 24-bit image represent?

A

16.7 million colors.

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7
Q

What are bitmap images?

A

Images stored as a grid of pixels, with each pixel storing specific color data.

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8
Q

What are vector images?

A

Images composed of shapes and objects defined using coordinates and properties (e.g., line width, color, angle).

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9
Q

What is a key advantage of vector images?

A

They can be resized without loss of quality and faster download time.

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10
Q

What are the common bitmap image formats?

A

JPG and GIF.

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11
Q

When is GIF used?

A

For images with limited colors, such as logos and animations.

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12
Q

How is sound converted to digital data?

A

By using an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) to sample the sound wave at regular intervals.

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13
Q

What determines the quality of digitized sound?

A

The sampling rate and bit depth.

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14
Q

What is the sampling rate of a CD?

A

44 kHz (44,000 samples per second).

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15
Q

What is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?

A

A method of converting sampled analog signals into binary form.

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16
Q

What is quantization in PCM?

A

Approximating the amplitude of a sample using a specific number of levels.

17
Q

How is storage requirement for an image calculated?

A

Resolution (width × height in pixels) × color depth.

18
Q

How does vector image storage differ from bitmap storage?

A

Vector images store shapes and properties, while bitmap stores pixel colors.

19
Q

What is the Nyquist rate?

A

The sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the sound wave to avoid aliasing.

20
Q

What happens if the sampling rate is less than the Nyquist rate?

A

Aliasing occurs, resulting in distortion of the signal.

21
Q

What is MIDI?

A

A protocol for digital instruments and computers to send musical instructions, not audio.

22
Q

What is stored in a MIDI file?

A

Information like note duration, instrument, velocity, volume, timbre, and pedal effects.

23
Q

Advantages of MIDI?

A

Small file size.
Easy to manipulate.
Can be played on different instruments.

24
Q

Why is streaming audio efficient?

A

It uses less memory by downloading small packets instead of the entire file.

25
Q

How does streaming work?

A

Audio/video is broken into data packets, which are interpreted by the client device.

26
Q

What is sound compression?

A

Reducing file size with minimal loss of quality using lossy or lossless techniques.

27
Q

Difference between lossy and lossless compression?

A

Lossy: Irreversible, discards some data for smaller file size.
Lossless: Reversible, retains all data.

28
Q

How is analog sound converted to digital?

A

Using an ADC to sample the waveform of analogue signals at fixed regular time intervals. Amplitude measured and samples are quantised by PCM. Height of each pixel encoded in bits

29
Q

What affects the quality of digital sound?

A

Sampling rate (e.g., 44 kHz for CDs).
Bit depth (e.g., 16-bit).

30
Q

Storage calculation formula?

A

Total storage = Sampling rate × Bit depth × Duration × Channels.

31
Q

What is quantization?

A

Rounding sampled amplitudes to the nearest integer value in binary.

32
Q

Stereo vs. Mono Sound?

A

Stereo uses two channels, requiring twice the storage compared to mono.

Computer Science (9 decks)

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