Images of Health, Models of Health Promotion, and the Physician Assistant Role

Question 1

List and discuss the ten categories of images of health

Answer 1

• Antithesis of disease
• Balanced state
• Growth
• Functionality
• Goodness of fit
• Wholeness
• Well-being
• Transcendence
• Empowerment
• Resource

Question 2

Define and discuss the traditional triad of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

Answer 2

• Primary Prevention (measures provided to individuals to prevent the onset of a targeted condition) IMMUNIZATIONS
• Secondary (identify and treat asymptomatic persons who have already developed risk factors or preclinical disease but in whom the condition has not become clinically apparent)
  SCREENING

Tertiary: (Part of the treatment and MANAGMENT of their clinical and chronic diseases)

Question 3

Trans-theoretical model (TTM)

Answer 3

• Assumption that individual move through series of predictable stages when changing behavior
• Stages of change (not linear)
• Process of change (drives movement through stages)
• 5 stages
  o Precontemplation (perhaps consider change, not intending)
  o Contemplation (more aware, start thinking)
  o Preparation (Seriously thinking of change)
  o Action (Making change)
  o Maintenance of change (maintain behavior, prevent relapse)

Question 4

Health Belief Model

Answer 4

• Individual take action before they decide if
  o Behavior is serious health problem
  o They are personally susceptible to health harm
  o Moderating or stopping behavior will be beneficial
• Person’s perception of disease based on extent of their knowledge and potential outcome
• Health literacy = capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health info to make decision

Question 5

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 5

• Emphasize the importance of intervening thought process and self-control for behavior
• Most learning occurs through modeling
• Self-regulatory process = self-generated inducements + consequences
• Self-Efficacy (both outcome and efficacy are important to behavior change)

Question 6

Social Ecology Model

Answer 6

• Healthfulness and wellbeing of individual are influenced by multiple aspects of environment (both physical and social)
• Health is result of environment interacting with genetic/psychological/behavioral pattern
• Physical and emotional wellbeing better if environment is controllable and predictable
• Can contradict influence of environment and individuals

Question 7

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Answer 7

Behavior change/large voluntary & health programs more effective if planned and evaluated w/participants who implement them and those affected by them.

Question 8

Healthy People 2030 proposed objectives and become familiar with the various topic areas

Answer 8

• Healthy People 2030 sets data-driven national objectives to improve health and wellbeing over the next decade.
• Includes evaluations, and its measurable (what we CAN attain)

Goals 
o	Control communicable disease 
o	Protect environment 
o	Behavior modification
o	Prevent/reduce severity of chronic disease 
o	Pt education 
Requires time and money 

Social legal changes 
o	Vehicle safety
o	No smoking policy in public spaces 
o	Safe sex 
o	Fitness trend

Question 9

What health promotion/disease prevention factors can a PA can influence to effect better patient outcomes

Answer 9

• Health promotion: encourages well being and is oriented toward the actualizing of human potential and thus is positive in valence (appealing), or attractive to the client

Health protection: directed toward a desire to actively AVOID THE ILLNESS, to detect it early, or to maintain function within the constraints of illness, and holds a negative valence.

Disease prevention: similar to health protection in that one is taking action to thwart the disease process by finding ways to modify the environment, behavior, and bodily defenses so that disease processes are eliminated, slowed, or changed

Question 10

Describe the function of the USPSTF and how PAs should use their recommendations and ratings.

Answer 10

Preventive Medicine Task Force
- Recommend screening tests for early detection of preclinical conditions 
o	A = Benefit substantial 
o	B = Net benefit is moderate 
o	C = Can select pt
o	D = Don’t, harm outweighs benefit 
o	I = Insufficient, uncertain

Question 11

List the top causes of death in the U.S.

Answer 11

11. Heart Disease
12. Cancer
13. Covid-19
14. Unintentional injury
15. Stroke
16. Chronic lower respiratory disease
17. Alzheimer disease
18. Diabetes
19. Influenza/pheumonia
20. Kidney disease
21. Suicide

Question 12

State the criteria for the ranking of countries by the WHO and name the ranking for the United States.

Answer 12

• US ranked 37th
• Based on
  Equity of distribution
  Preventable deaths
  Utilization of existing health resources
• Disease model (Expenditure are mainly directed at treatment of late-stage disease)