Image Quality in CT (part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four components of CT image quality?

A

Noise
(Low) contrast resolution
High contrast (spatial) resolution
Temporal resolution

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2
Q

What is a water phantom?

A

An Acrylic cylinder with Uniform density that has an Attenuation equivalent to that of water

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3
Q

What is the HU of water?

A

0

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4
Q

T/F

If an image is created of an object that is known to be of uniform density (water phantom), then all measured points within that image should in theory be the same.

A

True

(however in reality it isn’t)

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5
Q

What two measurements appear when a Region of Interest (ROI) tool or cursor is placed over the image?

A

A mean HU measurement and standard deviation (SD) measurement is obtained.

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6
Q

T/F

The larger the SD, the higher the image noise.

A

True

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7
Q

What does the SD (standard deviation) in an image indicate?

A

The SD indicates the magnitude of random fluctuations in the CT number

These random fluctuations in the CT number of otherwise uniform materials appear as graininess on CT images.

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8
Q

Even if we image a perfectly uniform object (e.g., a water filled object) there is still a variation in the Hounsfield units about a mean. Why is this?

A

This is due to noise

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9
Q

T/F

Noise degrades the image by degrading high contrast resolution

A

False; Noise degrades the image by degrading low contrast resolution

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10
Q

What are the 3 sources of noise in CT?

A
  1. Quantum noise
  2. Electronic noise
  3. Noise introduced by the reconstruction process (e.g., filtered back projection)
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11
Q

What is the biggest enemy of low contrast resolution?

A

Noise

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12
Q

The number of photons detected will vary randomly about a mean value. What is the variation called?

A

Noise

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13
Q

Photon registration by the detectors is what type of process?

A

Photon registration by the detectors is a stochastic process.

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14
Q

What 5 technical factors (scan parameters) affects the number of photons detected?

A
  1. mA
  2. Scan (rotation time)
  3. Slice thickness
  4. Peak kVp
  5. Reconstruction algorithm
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15
Q

Describe how changes in mA can affect the noise:

A

Changing the mA value changes the beam intensity and thus, the number of x-rays — proportionally.

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16
Q

T/F

Scan (rotation) time affects the number of detected x rays proportionally

A

True

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17
Q

T/F

An increase in mA decreases the noise

A

True

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18
Q

T/F

A decreased scan time increases the signal to noise ratio (decreasing the noise)

A

True

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19
Q

T/F

As slice thickness increases, so does the noise.

A

False; as slice thickness increases, the noise decreases

For example, compared with a slice thickness of 5 mm, a thickness of 10 mm approximately doubles the number of x-rays entering each detector.

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20
Q

T/F

kVp is directly proportional to noise

A

False

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21
Q

T/F

Increasing the kilovoltage reduces image noise

A

True

(but reduces subject contrast)

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22
Q

T/F

The Reconstruction Algorithm direclty affects the number of x-rays hitting the dector, thus reducing noise.

A

False; Reconstruction Algorithm does not affect the numbers of detected x-rays. A reconstruction filter profoundly affects the appearance of noise in the image.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the smoothing filter?

A

To soften noise

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the sharpening filter?

A

To increase noise

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25
What is preffered for images of soft tissue, a smoothing or sharpening filter?
Smooth filter
26
What is preffered for images of structures with edges and small details, such as bone; a smooth or a sharp filter?
Sharp filter
27
# T/F As noise increases Low Contrast Detectability decreases
True
28
What is low contrast resoltion?
How well low-contrast test objects are seen in the presence of typical noise levels
29
What 8 factors affect low contrast resolutioin?
1. mAs 2. kVp 3. Slice thickness 4. Reconstruction algorithm 5. Pixel size 6. Patient size 7. Inherent tissue properties 8. Use of contrast media
30
# T/F Dose does not increase linearly with mAs
False; Dose increases linearly with mAs
31
As mAs increases, what happens to low contrast resolution?
It increases
32
As kV increases, what happens to low contrast resolution?
It decreases ## Footnote Although the use of a higher tube voltage (kV) results in improved x-ray photon statistics (↑SNR), the quality of the x-ray beam is somewhat compromised because the visibility of low-contrast objects depends on the presence of low-energy photons, which are disproportionally less for the higher tube voltage
33
What is the downside of increasig Slice Thickness?
It decreases spatial resolution in the z axis
34
# T/F Slice thickness has a linear effect on the number of x-ray photons available to produce the image
True ## Footnote 5mm slice will have twice the number of photons as a 2.5mm slice.
35
Although slice thickness can increase SNR, what factor can get in the way and decrease the visiblity of smaller objects?
Volume averaging can reduce the visibility of smaller objects.
36
What produces better low contrast resolution; smoothening filters or sharpening filters?
Smoothening filters improve low contrast resolution | (at the cost of SR)
37
# T/F As noise increases, low contrast resolution decreases
True
38
As Pixel Size decreases, what happens to low contrast resolution? Why?
-Contrast resolution decreases -As pixel size decreases, the number of detected photons per pixel will decrease.Fewer photons per pixel results in a subsequent decrease in contrast resolution.
39
As patient size increases, what happens to low contrast resolution?
It decreases ## Footnote -For the same technique, larger patients attenuate more x-ray photons, leaving fewer to reach the detectors. -This reduces SNR, increases noise, and results in lower contrast resolution.
40
How do inherent tissue properties affect low contrast resolution?
The difference in the linear attenuation coefficient of adjacent imaged objects will determine the contrast between those objects
41
# What is this describing? The scanner’s ability to resolve closely placed objects that are significantly different from their background.
Spatial resolution of a CT scanner
42
In what two dimensions can the spatial resolution of a CT image be described?
1. in-plane (transaxial) resolution. 2. cross-plane (longitudinal) resolution or z axis sensitivity
43
What is cross-plane (longitudinal) resolution or z axis sensitivity?
Resolution in the z direction
44
What is in-plane (transaxial) resolution?
Resolution in the x-y direction
45
What are the 7 factors that affect the In-Plane Resolution?
1. Focal Spot Size 2. Detector Size 3. Scanner Geometry 4. Field of View 5. Sampling Theorem 6. Reconstruction Algorithm 7. Patient Motion
46
# T/F Smaller focal spots give higher resolution
True
47
What are the sizes of the focal spots in CT?
Fine = 0.7 mm Broad = 1.2 mm
48
What is the relationship between Detector Size (Width) and detail?
Detector Size (Width) Inversely related to detail ## Footnote Increased detail requires decreased size or space between detector elements.
49
# T/F Detector size or spacing is dependent on the model of CT scanner
True
50
Increased detail requires what; an increased tube arc or a decreased tube arc?
increased tube arc
51
# T/F By taking two matching (mirror) samples taken 180° apart, the image is ussually improved.
True
52
# T/F Partial 180° scans are inferior to standard 360° scans. Why or why not?
True; Only half of the otherwise available data are available to reconstruct the image with partial scans
53
What is one benefit of partial 180 degree scans?
Decreased dose
54
What is an overscan?
400° tube arc scan
55
What makes up the 400° scan?
360° (full scan) + 40° (overscan) = 400° scan.
56
# T/F Changing the DFOV will NOT alter the size of the image on the screen
False; Changing the DFOV will alter the size of the image on the screen
57
How does the image matrix divide data with DFOV?
The matrix divides data into squares with an x and y dimension.
58
By increasing by increasing the DFOV, what happens to the size of each pixel in the image?
Increasing the DFOV, increases the size of each pixel in the image.
59
# T/F The larger pixel will include more patient data
True
60
# T/F If an object is larger than a pixel, its density will be averaged with the density of other tissues contained in the pixel, creating a more accurate representation of the object.
If an object is smaller than a pixel, its density will be averaged with the density of other tissues contained in the pixel, creating a less accurate representation of the object.
61
# T/F Having smaller pixels decreases the volume averaging, thus increasing spatial resolution
True
62
# T/F The Technologist directly controls DFOV but cannot change pixel size
True
63
What does the Nyquist Sampling Theorem state?
The pixel dimension should be half the size of the object to increase the likelihood of that object being resolved
64
# T/F Reconstruction algorithm is indirectly related to spatial resolution.
False; Reconstruction algorithm is directly related to spatial resolution.
65
# T/F As the spatial frequency of a filter increases the detail increases.
True
66
What does Z-sensitivity refer to?
Z-sensitivity refers to the effective imaged slice width.
67
# T/F The wider (in the z-axis) the detector row, the lower the resolution.
True
68
# T/F The greater the z axis, the more flattening (volume averaging) is necessary.
True
69
What is the relationship between slice thickness and spatial resolution?
Inversely related to spatial resolution.
70
# T/F The thicker the slice, the less volume averaging needed
False; The thicker the slice, the more volume averaging
71
What reduces cross-plane resolution?
Slice Thickness
72
What is the smallest slice thickness that scanners allow today?
0.5mm
73
# T/F Two 0.5mm slices added together to display a single 1.0mm slice will retain the spatial resolution of the original 0.5mm slices
True
74
What is an Isotropic voxel?
A voxel where the x, y & z axis dimensions are equal.
75
What is the benefit of Isotropic voxels?
There is no loss of information when data are reformatted in a different plane (i.e. coronal or sagittal images).
76
What anatomy benefits the most from isotropic voxels?
small vascular tortuous structures
77
What is the disadvantage of thinner slices?
Increased noise
78
What is Slice Sensitivity Profile (SSP)?
SSP describes the effective slice thickness of an image and to what extent anatomy within that slice contributes to the image.
79
What pitch results in a broader SSP?
Pitch 2 results in a broader SSP
80
# T/F Z axis spatial resolution is traditionally described by the slice sensitivity profile (SSP).
True
81
# T/F Increasing pitch increases the effective slice thickness.
True
82
# T/F ↓ volume averaging = ↓ spatial resolution
False; ↑ volume averaging = ↓ spatial resolution ## Footnote Increasing the pitch uses data farther from the actual slice position, thus degrading the slice sensitivity profile
83
# T/F ↓ Pitch = ↑ spatial resolution
True
84
As pitch decreases, what happens to noise?
Noise decreases
85
If all other parameters are constant, what is the realtionship between dose and pitch?
Dose is inversely proportional to the pitch (if all other parameters are constant).
86
As pitch increases, what happens to noise?
Noise increases
87
What is the scanners goal when imaging a patient?
Scanner’s goal is to maintain image quality
88
When you increase the pitch, the mA is increased. Why is this?
To keep the effective mAs constant ## Footnote Thus, the dose and image noise remain constant.
89
# T/F **Increasing pitch increases dose**
False; Increasing pitch does NOT increase dose | DEPENDS IF ITS THE ONLY FACTOR CHANGED
90
# T/F Dose is affected by the AEC system selection
True
91
What is temporal resolution?
The temporal resolution of a system refers to how rapidly data is accquired and the ability to freeze motion of the scanned object
92
**What is the best way to elimate motion impact?**
Increase the scan speed
93
What is the fastest speed that third generation MDCT scanners are capable of rotating?
Less than 0.3 seconds per gantry rotation
94
What is the half scan algorithm?
The projection dataset in the view range of 180 degrees plus fan angle (total 220 degrees) are used
95
How is cardiac motion reduced in a CT scan?
ECG gated acquisition; synchronizing the data acquisition and reconstruction with an ECG signal