Image Quality in CT (part 2) Flashcards
What are the four components of CT image quality?
Noise
(Low) contrast resolution
High contrast (spatial) resolution
Temporal resolution
What is a water phantom?
An Acrylic cylinder with Uniform density that has an Attenuation equivalent to that of water
What is the HU of water?
0
T/F
If an image is created of an object that is known to be of uniform density (water phantom), then all measured points within that image should in theory be the same.
True
(however in reality it isn’t)
What two measurements appear when a Region of Interest (ROI) tool or cursor is placed over the image?
A mean HU measurement and standard deviation (SD) measurement is obtained.
T/F
The larger the SD, the higher the image noise.
True
What does the SD (standard deviation) in an image indicate?
The SD indicates the magnitude of random fluctuations in the CT number
These random fluctuations in the CT number of otherwise uniform materials appear as graininess on CT images.
Even if we image a perfectly uniform object (e.g., a water filled object) there is still a variation in the Hounsfield units about a mean. Why is this?
This is due to noise
T/F
Noise degrades the image by degrading high contrast resolution
False; Noise degrades the image by degrading low contrast resolution
What are the 3 sources of noise in CT?
- Quantum noise
- Electronic noise
- Noise introduced by the reconstruction process (e.g., filtered back projection)
What is the biggest enemy of low contrast resolution?
Noise
The number of photons detected will vary randomly about a mean value. What is the variation called?
Noise
Photon registration by the detectors is what type of process?
Photon registration by the detectors is a stochastic process.
What 5 technical factors (scan parameters) affects the number of photons detected?
- mA
- Scan (rotation time)
- Slice thickness
- Peak kVp
- Reconstruction algorithm
Describe how changes in mA can affect the noise:
Changing the mA value changes the beam intensity and thus, the number of x-rays — proportionally.
T/F
Scan (rotation) time affects the number of detected x rays proportionally
True
T/F
An increase in mA decreases the noise
True
T/F
A decreased scan time increases the signal to noise ratio (decreasing the noise)
True
T/F
As slice thickness increases, so does the noise.
False; as slice thickness increases, the noise decreases
For example, compared with a slice thickness of 5 mm, a thickness of 10 mm approximately doubles the number of x-rays entering each detector.
T/F
kVp is directly proportional to noise
False
T/F
Increasing the kilovoltage reduces image noise
True
(but reduces subject contrast)
T/F
The Reconstruction Algorithm direclty affects the number of x-rays hitting the dector, thus reducing noise.
False; Reconstruction Algorithm does not affect the numbers of detected x-rays. A reconstruction filter profoundly affects the appearance of noise in the image.
What is the purpose of the smoothing filter?
To soften noise
What is the purpose of the sharpening filter?
To increase noise