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CCI book Review > Image Modalities And Insrumentation > Flashcards

Image Modalities And Insrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

What does M mode represent?

A

The movement of structures over time.

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2
Q

What does color Doppler use to show color patterns?
- what color is towards the transducer?
- what color is away from the transducer?

A

Measurement of velocity and direction of blood
- red
- blue

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3
Q

What is Pulse wave doppler?

A

Doppler used to take localized velocity measurement

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4
Q

When do you see aliasing?

A

In pulse wave
- happens when Doppler shift exceeds 1/2 of the PRF

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5
Q

Continuous wave Doppler uses 2 side by side elements what does each do?

A
  • one continuously sends transmits while the other continuously receives
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6
Q

What kind of velocity do you see with CW?

A

Maximum velocities ; samples all blood flow in its path

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7
Q

What is fhe advantage of CW?
What is the disadvantage of CW?

A
  • no aliasing
  • does not get specific velocity at a specific location
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8
Q

What does TDI measure?

A

Velocity of the myocardium

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9
Q

TDI only measures the vector or motion _______ to the direction of the sound beam.

A

Parallel

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10
Q

What does myocardial strain refer to?

A

The deformation of the myocardium through the cardiac cycle

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11
Q

Positive strain for myocardial strain shows what about the fibers?

A

Lengthening and thickening

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12
Q

Negative strain for myocardial strain shows what about the fibers?

A

Shortening and thinning

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13
Q

Myocardial Strain parameters what are they and what are their planes?

A
  • velocities , strain and strain rate
  • x , y , z directions
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14
Q

Myocardial strain is used as marker of myocardial function to detect changes in the ———

A

Regional function

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15
Q

What does contrast do to the heart?

A

It fills the left side of the heart to enhance the LV endocardial border

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16
Q

What is a spontaneous echo contrast?
- what is it due to?

A

A swirling pattern seen in the left atrium.
- due to MS and A-FIB

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17
Q

What 4 steps are involved in creating a 3D ultrasound ?

A
  • data acquisition
  • data storage
  • data processing
  • image display
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18
Q

What does 3D data acquisition do?

A

Obtains echo characteristics of many single points within a volume tissue

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19
Q

What does 3D data storage do?

A

Maintains data flow from the initial raw data acquisition to the next step of data processing

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20
Q

What does 3D data processing consists of? (What 2 steps?)

A
  • conversion
  • interpolation
    These transform the scanned raw date for a specific volume into a 3D data used to create a 3D object
21
Q

What are the 2 usefulness of 3D echo ?

A
  • direct tabulation of cardiac chamber volumes. Resulting in more accurate LV volume and EF
  • new surgical views of cardiac valves structures and masses
22
Q

What does a transducer convert electrical energy into?

A

Mechanical energy (sound) and back again

23
Q

With a higher frequency what kind of resolution and penetration do you get?

A
  • high resolution
  • poor (shallower) penetration
24
Q

With low frequency what kind of resolution and penetration do you get?

A
  • poor resolution
  • deeper penetration
25
Q

What is output power?

A

Determines the energy transmitted by the transducer

26
Q

What does TGC stand for? And what does it do?

A
  • time gain compensation
  • allows adjusting gain setting in different depths to compensate for attenuation
27
Q

What is frequency directly related to ?
Inversely related to?

A
  • Spatial resolution
  • penetration
28
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

The ability to accurately pinpoint an objects location at a specific moment in time

29
Q

Wide sector width give better over view of cardiac structures, by decreasing the sector width what happens to the frame rate and temporal resolution?

A

Frame rate will increase
Causing temporal resolution to increase

30
Q

Describe the depth knob on the machine?

A

It adjusts the depth from which the returning ultrasound signals will be displayed

31
Q

The deeper the depth the slower the ——— of an image

A

Frame rate

32
Q

Frame rate determine what?

A

Temporal resolution

33
Q

What is PRF?

A

Pulse repetition frequency is the number of times that a pulse is repeatedly SENT during ONE SECOND

34
Q

Flow towards the transducer is ____ the spectral Doppler baseline

A

Above

35
Q

Flow away from the transducer is _____ the spectral Doppler baseline

A

Below

36
Q

What does post processing do?
- is it operator controllable

A
  • “the reading of the writing (pre)”
    Manipulates data after it has been stored it can convert prior to display
  • yes
37
Q

What is pre processing?

A
  • “the writing down of the info”
    Manipulation of scan date before storage in the memory after scan conversion
38
Q

More pixels =

A

Better spatial resolution

39
Q

What is pixel interpolation (preprocessing)

A

A way of filling in gaps of days undetected by the observer

40
Q

The transducer emits waves and travels in what kind of like?

A

Straight line

41
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Loss of energy as it travels through a medium

42
Q

What is the speed of sounds through soft tissue ?

A

1540 m/s

43
Q

Too much gain can create what?

A

A mosaic distribution of color signals throughout the image

44
Q

What is reverberation?

A

Is when US beam encounters 2 strong parallel factors
When US beam delete back and forth between the reflectors. Takes longer for the wave to return back to the transducer

45
Q

Is a comet tail artifact a type of reverberation?

A

Yes

46
Q

Why does shadowing occur?

A

Due to anatomy located directly behind the strongly attenuating prefecture will appear as drop out

47
Q

When does mirror image artifact occur?

A

When there is a highly reflective surface (diaphragm) in the path of the primary beam

48
Q

When does aliasing occur?

A

When mean velocities of flow increase behind the nyquist limit

CCI book Review (7 decks)

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