Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Where does the apex point?
A
Towards the left hip
2
Q
During diastole atria and ventricles are
A
Relaxed
3
Q
During systole the atriums and ventricles
A
Contract
4
Q
What muscles are in the atriums?
A
Pectinate muscles ( mostly located in the RA)
5
Q
What vessels drain into the RA?
A
SVC
IVS
CS
6
Q
What vessels enter into the LA?
A
Pulmonary veins (4) they enter the posterior part of the chamber.
7
Q
What does LAA stand for?
A
Left atrial appendage
8
Q
What kind of oxygen does pulmonary veins carry?
A
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
9
Q
Which ventricle has the greater wall thickness?
A
Left ventricle
10
Q
What does IAS stand for?
A
Interatrial septum
11
Q
What is an atrial septal defect?
- when do the usually close?
A
Is a hole in the septum that allows blood to flow from one atrium to the other.
- during childhood.
12
Q
What does PFO stand for?
What is it?
A
“Patent foremen ovale“
- occurs when the foremen ovale does NOT seal after birth
13
Q
What is the foremen ovale?
A
A natural shunt that allows blood to enter the left atrium to the right atrium. Usually close a year after child birth
14
Q
Regions of IAS
A
- sinus venosus= at the roof of both atrias
- septum secundum= mid portion
- septum primum= inferior adjacent to the AV valves
15
Q
Which septum is thicker?
A
IVS
16
Q
What is the membranous septum of the IVS?
A
A thin portion of the IVS located superiorly (basal portion between the ventricular outflow tracts)
17
Q
Regions of IVS
A
- Inlet= Inferior to membranous septum
- trabecular = largest region. Extends from the membranous septum to apex
- infundibular = superior to trabecular septum and inferior to great vessels
18
Q
What is the coronary sulcus?
A
A groove of the heart that lies between the RA and RV
19
Q
What is the atrioventricular groove?
A
A groove that separates the atria from the ventricles
20
Q
What is the crux of the heart ?
A
Located at the posterior basal surface where 4 chambers meet (the crux)
21
Q
Valves open the close in response to _____ changes in the heart.
A
Pressure
22
Q
Valves are what kind of flow?
A
Unidirectional
23
Q
where are AV valves located?
A
Between the atriums and the ventricles
24
Q
AV valves allow blood to flow between the atria and ventricles during ______.
A
Diastole
25
What valve is the only bicuspid valve of the heart?
Mitral valve
26
What does the mitral valve divide?
The LA and LV
27
What are the 2 leaflets of the MV?
Anterior and posterior connected by chordae tendonae to each pap muscle
28
Which leaflet of the MV is the largest?
Anterior leaflet
29
What valve is the largest of the heart?
Tricuspid valve
30
There are three leaflets for the TV what are they?
- largest?
- smallest?
- where does the septal attach to?
Anterior, Posterior , Septal
- anterior
- posterior
- IVS
31
How many pap muscles are there? And how are they divided in the ventricles?
- 5 total
- 3 in the right
- 2 in the left
32
Where do the pap muscles attach to?
The cusps of the AV valves via Chordae tendonae
33
Where are SL valves located?
Between the ventricles and the great vessels
34
Where is the pulmonic valve located?
In the RVOT
35
How many cusps does the PV have?
3
Anterior
Right and left
36
Which valve is the most anterior heart valve?
Pulmonic valve
37
How many cusps does the AV have?
- what are they?
3 cusps based on the origins of the coronary arteries
- right coronary cusps (RCC)
- left coronary cusps (LCC)
- non coronary cusps (NCC)
38
Function of AV valve during diastole and systole
Diastole= closes
Systole = opens
39
What is the Eustachian valve ?
Is a ridge of variable thickness in the Inferior right atrium. Remnant of fetal structures
40
What veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary veins
41
What kind of blood does the pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated from the lungs
42
Name the 4 pulmonary veins
- right superior
- right inferior
- left superior
- left inferior
43
Which view is the best to Doppler the pulmonary veins?
4 chamber
44
What kind of wave form does pulmonary veins have?
The flow is continuous
45
The pulmonary vein S WAVE velocity represents what?
Flow during atrial relaxation
46
Pulmonary vein wave form in systole shows what kind of flow? And is it above it below the baseline?
- forward flow
- above baseline ( S wave)
47
Pulmonary vein diastole shows forward flow through early diastole shown above or below baseline?
Above
48
Pulmonary vein D wave velocity represents what?
Flow during early ventricular diastole
49
Pulmonary vein A wave reversal velocity represents what?
Flow during atrial systole
50
What blood does the pulmonary and systemic circulation have?
Pulmonary = deoxygenated
Systemic= oxygenated
51
List the layers of the heart.
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium
- pericardial cavity (space)
- parietal layer
- fibrous pericardium
52
What are muscle fibers in the heart called?
Myofibrils that form pap muscles
53
What is the source of myocardial energy?
ATP for muscle contraction
54
What are the 2 elements myofibrils consist of ?
-Sacromeres = contractile elements and have fixed length
- sliding filaments= capable of contracting and developing tension
55
Sacromeres ______ due to change in volume or pressure.
Stretch
56
______ ( mineral) causes contraction
Calcium
57
What are the 4 components of contraction?
- force
- velocity
- length of muscle
- time
58
Fat has the same echogenisity as ______.
Blood
59
It can be hard to distinguish between a fat pad and _____.
A localized PE
60
What’s the normal position of the heart?
Midline of the thorax , slightly left of midline
61
What is the space behind the heart called?
Retro - cardiac space
62
Position of the heart depends on the patients what?
Body habitis
63
What does cardiac malposotion mean?
An abnormal location of the heart in the chest or relative to abdominal organs.
64
Levocardia heart position
Defined as a Normal cardiac position. Cardiac base to apex = upper right to lower left
65
Dextricardia heart position
Heart is located on the RIGHT SIDE of the chest. Base to apex = upper left to lower right
66
Mesocardia heart position
Displacement of the heart toward the right but not completely in the right chest.
67
What are the first 3 branches of the ascending aorta?
- Innominate
- LCCA
- left subclavian artery
68
Aortic root sections
- aortic annulus
- sinus of valsalva
- sinotubular junction
69
What does the ductus arteriosus become after closure?
Ligamentum arteriosus
70
Where do tears or dissections occur in the descending aorta?
At the weakened areas of the aortic wall
71
Aortic wall layers ( inner to outer)
-tunica intima = inner smooth layer
- tunica media= middle muscular layer
- tunica adventitia = outer layer
72
Where does the pulmonary artery originate?
And what does it branch into?
The pulmonic valve
- right and left pulmonary branches
73
Where does the Right pulmonary artery lie?
Directed posterior and toward the right behind the aorta and the SVC
74
Where does the left pulmonary artery lie?
Directed posteriorly with a curvature similar to the main trunk
75
The most distal portions of the pulmonary artery branches are comprised of ____ where oxygen exchange occurs
Arterioles
76
Coronary arteries supply what?
Oxygenated blood to the myocardium
77
What are the 2 main coronary arteries ?
- right main coronary artery
- left main coronary artery
78
Where does myocardium perfusion occur?
From epicardium to endocardium
79
What is the flow in coronary arteries normally?
- but what does the RCA show?
Diastolic
- RCA shows BOTH systolic and diastolic components
80
The left coronary artery distributes blood to the ____ side of the heart, left atrium and IVS
Left
81
Where does the circum flex artery arise from?
- what does it join with?
LCA
joins with the small branches of the RCA
82
What is the second major branch arising from the LCA?
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
83
What is arterial anastomoses?
It provides an alternative collateral blood supply to target areas in cases where the primary pathway is OBSTRUCTED
84
The right coronary artery distributes blood to the _____ side of the heart , right atrium , portions of both ventricles and heart conduction system
Right
85
What do the marginal arteries of the coronary system (on the right side) supply?
Blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle
86
The right coronary artery gives rise to ________ in the posterior side.
Posterior descending artery
87
What is hypokenesis for abnormal wall motion?
Systolic wall thickening occurs but is marked as reduced
88
Akenesis
Absence of systolic wall thickening , thin wjth scarred myocardium
89
Dyskinesia
Systolic expansion of wall segments.
Moves paradoxically relative to surrounding myocardium
90
Right and left innominate veins drain into the_____
SVC
91
Hepatic veins join the ____
IVC
92
Veins carry blood _____ the heart
Towards
93
What’s more muscular , arteries or veins?
Arteries
94
Do veins contain valves?
Yes
95
What helps to squeeze the veins to help pump the blood back to the heart?
The movement of muscles
96
What does it mean that veins are capacitance vessels ?
Because they contain 60% of the bodies blood volume
97
Smaller arteries called arterioles diverge into ——
Capillary beds
98
Capillaries carry blood _____ from the body and exchange what?
- away
- nutrients , waste and oxygen
99
What circulation provided blood to the lungs?
The pulmonary circulation
100
What circulation provides blood to the body ?
Systemic circulation
101
What is apart of the pulmonary circulation?
- RV
- main pulmonary artery
Its branches,
- pulmonary capillaries and - pulmonary veins
102
Components of the systemic circulation
- LV
- aorta
- systemic capillary network
- SVC
- IVC
103
Which circulation has higher pressure and resistance ? ( systemic or pulmonic )
Systemic
104
What is the primary function of the heart ?
To deliver O2 blood and nutrients to the body for metabolism and to remove CO2 and other waste products
105
Preload
Ventricular end diastolic pressure
- amount of diastolic filling (frank starling law)
106
After load
Aortic arterial pressure and vascular resistance that the ventricle MUST overcome to eject volume
107
Norepinephrine increases what?
Contractility
108
Synergy
Ability of the ventricles to eject blood due to synchrony of wall motion
