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MCM > ILS-3 histology > Flashcards

ILS-3 histology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Biology (Cytology)

A

Studies the cell’s– structure, composition, metabolism, cycle, function, behavior, and communication

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2
Q

first two scientists to discover cells under the microscope

A

Robert Hooke , Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

how are cells studied

A

Study of cells through– cell culture, microscopy techniques, cytometry, and cell fractionation

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4
Q

Histology

A

study microscopic structure of normal biological cells and tissues

using light and electron microscope

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5
Q

main uses of Histology and Histopathology:

A
  1. show changes in tissues that occur at cellular level

ii) Medicine– identification of normal and abnormal tissue, diagnosis, and analysis of effects of treatment

iii) Autopsies and forensic investigations– for identifying the cause of death from microscopic
tissue examination

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6
Q

how are tissues prepared

A

Tissue (sample) preparation and processing– selection, sectioning, trimming, embedding in a harder medium, and chemical fixation

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7
Q

with what are tissues stained

A

Tissue staining– Hematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, and

Eosin stains the cytoplasm and other tissues in pink

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8
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Hematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, and

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9
Q

Eosin

A

Eosin stains the cytoplasm and other tissues in pink

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10
Q

tissue examples

A

group of cells with a similar structure that have a definite and unique function
– include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and muscle tissue

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11
Q

cell

A

Cell– basic microscopic building block of human body
– smallest and basic structural and functional unit of various organs essential for sustaining life

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12
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Plasma membrane– lipid bilayer (phospholipid, cholesterol, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail)

-passive and active transport

  • cell adhesion, ion conductivity, and cell signaling

-provide attachment surface for several extracellular structures and intracellular network of cytoskeleton

-lipid-soluble substances (e.g, oxygen, carbondioxide, and nitrogen,

-water-soluble substances (e.g, ions, glucose, aminoacids, and water,

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13
Q

cytosol (cytoplasm)

A

Sodium is the major cation in extracellular fluid (ecf)
– Potassium is the major cation in intracellular fluid (icf)
– Calcium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate are present in relatively more concentration in ecf
– Magnesium, and Proteins are present in relatively more concentration in icf

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14
Q

nucleus

A

Nucleus– surrounded by nuclear membrane (nuclear pores), contain genetic information (DNA/chromosomes/chromatin), controls cell growth and multiplication by regulating gene expression, initiating cellular reproduction, site for DNA replication and RNA synthesis using DNA as template (Transcription), contain nucleolus (rRNA is made)

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15
Q

Ribosomes-

A

protein synthesis (translation– During translation, ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains from mRNA template molecules),

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

synthesizes proteins in sacks called cisternae

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17
Q

compromised structure and functions of RER can lead to these diseases

A

diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and bipolar disorder

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18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions

A

– carry out synthesis of lipids (e.g, cholesterol) and phospholipids and secretion of steroid hormones

store and release of calcium ions (e,g, in muscles– sarcoplasmic reticulum

detoxification of natural metabolic products, alcohol, and drugs

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus/body/complex:

A

sorts new proteins made on RER, perform post-translational modifications (e.g, glycosylation, etc) in newly synthesized proteins, packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound transport vesicles for export from the cell

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20
Q

Diseases-related genes associated with Golgi apparatus include–

A

some of the neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases, etc

21
Q

Mutations in the genes encoding Golgi resident proteins can trigger the occurrence of diseases–

A

result in defects in membrane trafficking, mislocalization of proteins, impaired glycosylation of proteins, and the accumulation of undegraded proteins

22
Q

Mitochondria-

A

Mitochondria– cristae (folds), matrix, contain mitochondrial DNA (self replicated by DNA polymerase), powerhouse of cell (generates energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate [ATP] through the process of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid [TCA/ Citric acid/ Krebs] cycle, electron transport chain-oxidative phosphorylation pathways), degeneration can result in severe energy loss (and can manifest e,g, as muscle weakness

23
Q

Lysosome-

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes perform digestion of cell nutrients due to presence of the digestive enzymes, continuously break down old proteins, foreign materials, and various wastes, bring about phagocytosis (in which foreign materials are brought into the cell and chewed up), can open up in cell itself causing programmed cell death (apoptosis)

24
Q

peroxisome

A

Peroxisome– contain catalase (destroy free radicals), involved in the oxidation of long chain fatty acids and synthesis of glycolipids

25
Q

Mitochondrial diseases can affect various structures of human body:

A
26
Q

Microtubules-

A

primarily made up of tubulin protein

cilia, flagella are made of microtubules for locomotion

dynein and kinesin motoe proteins made of mt

27
Q

centrioles

A

centriole (made of mt), divide during cell division (mitosis) and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell

28
Q

Microfilaments

they are involved in what:

A

made of actin, essential part of cell cytoskeleton

involved in muscle contraction, cell support, and pinching-off of daughter cells after mitosis (cell division)

29
Q

Vacuole-

A

containing triglycerides/triacylglycerol)

30
Q

what happens during cell signaling? and what changes occur

A

during cellular signaling, a ligand binds a cellular receptor– binding results in a cellular effect, which manifests as a variety of changes in that cell, including altering gene transcription or translation or changing cell morphology

31
Q

Cellular signaling include:

A

autocrine signaling-
paracrine signaling-
endocrine signaling-
signaling across gap junctions-

32
Q

cell injury leads to:

A

necrosis, apotosis

33
Q

Depletion of intracellular ATP during the cellular injury resulting in:

A

influx of sodium and calcium and osmotic swelling

lactic acedosis

severe intracellular acidosis

clumping of nuclear chromatin (pyknosis)

34
Q

Epithelial tissue:

A

covers surfaces, form glands, lines body cavities, connected with each other through tight or loose junctions,

35
Q

Connective tissue

A

binds together and supports other tissues and organs, intercellular material

36
Q

Muscle tissue (fibers):

A

– skeletal, smooth (e.g digestive tract), and cardiac muscles

37
Q

Nervous tissue-

A

sensory motor, mixed

38
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

skeletal muscle cells: long tubular/cylindrical, striations in microscopic appearance, multinucleated

39
Q

cardiac cells:

A

striations in microscopic appearance, single nucleus, branch off from each other, joined to one another by intercalated discs that contain gap junctions

40
Q

smooth muscle cells:

A

spindle shaped, unstriated in microscopic appearance,

41
Q

Types of connective tissue:

A

i) Loose

ii) Dense

iii) Specialized

42
Q

Connective tissue:

A

– made of cells (e.g fibroblasts)

– intercellular material (matrix)

43
Q

Loose connective tissue and examples

A

posses few fibers, with relatively large amount of ground substance, ssecreted by fibroblast

contain collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

44
Q

Areolar connective tissue–

A

Areolar connective tissue– fibers are far apart from each other, found beneath epidermis, and hypodermis (skin), and underneath epithelial tissue of all body systems that have external openings

component of the lamina propria

45
Q

subtypes of loose connective tissue:

A

Areolar connective tissue-

Adipose connective tissue-

Reticular connective tissue-

46
Q

Adipose connective tissue-

A

located beneath skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular, and in breast (breast tissue), composed of fat cells (adipocytes), store energy in the form of lipids (white adipose tissue), generates body heat (brown adipose tissue), cushions and insulates the body

47
Q

Reticular connective tissue is found____

A

found around the kidney, and liver, support the lymphoid organs (lymph node stromal cells),

48
Q

dense connective tissue

A

relative smaller amount of ground substance, have fibroblasts

Dense regular connective tissue, Dense irregular connective tissue

49
Q

Specialized connective tissue:

a) Cartilage– Hyaline (e.g, between bones in joints, costal cartilage attached to upper ribs, trachea, nasal septum)

                -- Fibrocartilage (tough collagen fibers, resistant to stretching, intervertebral discs, connect pelvic 
                                               bones)

                 -- Elastic (flexible, easily stretched, external ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis)

                 -- cells (chondrocytes), cavities (lacunae)
A

a) Cartilage– Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

Elastic

cells (chondrocytes), cavities (lacunae)

MCM (13 decks)

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