II pt 2 Flashcards
Zimmerman Note
intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed alliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ; Japan included in alliance
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S. in war
Creel Committee
Committee on Public Information; aimed to sell America and the world on Wilson’s war goals; propaganda, censorship, “four-minute men” speeches, “Liberty Leagues” (spy on community)
War Industries Board
attempted to centralize production of war materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-faire government
Conscription policies
Selective Service Act to require men to register with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted, highly successful
Herbert Hoover’s Food Administration
relied on voluntary compliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set on commodities to encourage production, Prohibition
Wilson’s 14 points
public treaties, free trade, free seas, reduced armament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities, international organization
League of Nations
foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped to guarantee political independence and integrity of all countries
Great Migration
mass migration northward; mainly blacks migrating from the southern states into the north hoping for less discrimination
Lodge Reservations
14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself
Isolationism
avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin American involvement
Espionage Act & Sedition Act
fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military
Schenk vs U.S.
upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right to limit free speech during times of war
Red Scare (1919)
anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion
Palmer Raids
Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism
“Red Summer”, race riots
Riots (most often Whites attacking Blacks, but some instances of the reverse) occurring in 1919. Black soldiers saw the greater social equality in Europe during WWI and came back seeking better treatment.
Nativism
severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values
Birth of a Nation
spawned resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan based on The Clansman
Ku Klux Klan
A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War
National Origins At
Reduced the annual country quota from 3 to 2 percent and based it on census of 1890, excluded Japanese immigrants.
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied
Scopes Trial
Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty
Prohibition, rise of organized crime
supported by women and churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger - gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)
Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management
efficient working methods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages (hated by workers), power to managers
Henry Ford’s assembly line
mass production of the Model-T, workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other industries and raised employment
Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows
glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion and manufacturing
Radio
new industry, leisure time with family, sports industry stimulated, political advertisements, newscasts, broadcast of music
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Alice Paul; shocked traditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; new organization of women who were now more independent
Flappers
expressed new freedom of women, sexual revolution
Margaret Sanger and Birth Control
illegal, but widely accepted; with new promiscuity
Jazz
dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and ragtime; jazz migrated along with blacks in the Great Migration
Lost Generation
Leading writers of the postwar decade’s disillusionment with “hypocritical” religion and the “fradulent” sacrifices of wartime, disillusioned with ideals of another time and the materialism of business-oriented culture, included F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and Eugene O’Neill
Harlem Renaissance
Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.
Marcus Garvey, United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
“Back to Africa” movement for racial pride and separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks
Charles Lindbergh
Celebrity hero who was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic in a small single engine plane. He success gripped the public’s imagination.
Washington Disarmament Conference
An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets
Dawes Plan (1924)
to make German reparations from WWI more accessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany, reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans
Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge
lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal to create higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)
Fordney-McCumber Tariff & Smoot- Hawley Tariff
1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade
Teapot Dome Scandal
Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming
Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce
known as “wartime food czar;” created recreation policies and reintroduced leisure culture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the cities and improve tourism, etc.
Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury
introduced the “trickle-down” economics theory in order to promote business and increase money available for speculation
Farm Crisis
agricultural depression as precursor to the depression; unheeded omen of problems in the economic structure (prices too low — too much supply for the demand)
Causes of the depression
rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry, mistaken “trickle-down” economics, reliance on credit
Stock market crash (1929)
stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, &c.
Hoover’s policy of voluntarism
emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression
Hoovervilles
Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that the people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.
Bonus army
veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them; they were denied and were run out of Washington (violently, by MacArthur)
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them
President Franklin Roosevelt
introduced his “New Deal,” won election by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)
New Deal
The name of President Roosevelt’s program for getting the United States out of the depression
Brain Trust
Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal.
Hundred days
term applied to the first weeks of the Roosevelt Administration, during which Congress passed 13 emergency relief and reform measures that were the backbone of the early New Deal; these included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Glass Stegal Act (FDIC), Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Emergency Relief Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act.
Emergency Banking Relief
four-day banking holiday to create controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks
First New Deal Programs
1933-1935 improved, but not recovered, economy; included NRA, AAA, TVA, CCC, FERA, PWA, FDIC
National Industrial Recovery & National Recovery Administration
prevent competition labor management disputes and overproduction. set max workweek, min. wages, and min. prices.
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
subsidies to farmers to decrease production and thus increase prices
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
hydroelectric power to river valley; brought social and economic development to very poor area
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
employed young jobless men with government projects on work relief and environment
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
provided more funds to state and local relief efforts
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Harold Ickles, provided public construction projects
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
to insure personal bank deposits up to $5000; required commercial banks to separate themselves from investment brokerages
Second New Deal Programs
1935-38, reform-minded, more political
Social Security Act of 1935
The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers
Works Progress Administration
May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemployed but couldn’t work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.
Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act
collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics
Fair Labor Standards Act
1938 Act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor. Banned childlabor
Keynesian economics
philosophy that deficit spending during a depression would increase purchasing power and stimulate economy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowed money to cover deficits
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
halted sale of tribal lands, enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians’ entry into New Deal associations; led by John Collier
Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor
first female cabinet member
Butler v. U.S.
killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs
Schechter v. U.S.
court case, unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation of legislative authority from Congress to executive
Court Packing
Judiciary Reorganization Bill; FDR’s attempt to put in extra judges who would support him without doubt
“Okies” and “Arkies”
Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl
Deportations of Mexicans
nationalists against foreign non-English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men); encouraged to leave the U.S.
Critics of FDR
Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long (“share our wealth”), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)
Split of AFL in 1935
loss of members due to new following of CIO and discrimination
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
created by John L. Lewis for unskilled labor, organized “sit-down strike” against GM to work for recognition
Dorothea Lange
hired to photograph ordinary Americans experiencing the depression
Good Neighbor Policy
withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the “big stick”); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields
Isolationism in 1920s and 1930s
Americans concerned with economic depression; sought to avoid european involvement, no apparent immediate threats
Neutrality Acts, 1935-37
prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement; limited power of president during international war, built up armed forces
Four Freedoms speech
FDR asked for increased authority to aid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want, from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease Act (1941)
President to offer military supplies to nations “vital to the defense of the US”; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale)
Pearl Harbor
Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany and Italy responded with declarations of war
First American Strategy in WWII
FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan
Important WWII Battles
Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower’s amphibious invasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces), Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow and Leningrad, turning point in Europe)
Japanese internment
fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors, sent off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threats in military areas
Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs
risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely
Yalta Conference (1945)
established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War
Potsdam Conference (1945)
decided to punish war crimes, established program for de-Nazification of Germany
The Homefront
westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories, still held inferior to men
Rationing
Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war
Rosie the Riveter
Nickname given to women who worked in factories during WWII. After WWII, went back home.
John L. Lewis
through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)
Bracero program
brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs, concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor working conditions (as they were not American citizens)
Zoot Suit riots
racism riots against Mexican laborers (imported for jobs)
A. Phillip Randolph and the March on Washington
A. Phillip Randal lwas a good person to lead this group b/c he was the leader of the Union for Railroad Workers. was threatened a march on Washington in protest of discrimination in defense industry jobs. President Roosevelt took this threat seriously and signed executive order that in writing would end this discrimination. This executive order also created the Fair Employment Practices Committee.
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
prohibited discrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment
President Harry Truman
first president to show positive response to civil rights movement; worked heavily on keeping Soviet spread of communism in check
