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II pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Zimmerman Note

A

intercepted by Britain; Germany proposed alliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ; Japan included in alliance

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2
Q

Unrestricted submarine warfare

A

Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S. in war

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3
Q

Creel Committee

A

Committee on Public Information; aimed to sell America and the world on Wilson’s war goals; propaganda, censorship, “four-minute men” speeches, “Liberty Leagues” (spy on community)

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4
Q

War Industries Board

A

attempted to centralize production of war materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-faire government

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5
Q

Conscription policies

A

Selective Service Act to require men to register with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted, highly successful

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6
Q

Herbert Hoover’s Food Administration

A

relied on voluntary compliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set on commodities to encourage production, Prohibition

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7
Q

Wilson’s 14 points

A

public treaties, free trade, free seas, reduced armament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities, international organization

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8
Q

League of Nations

A

foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped to guarantee political independence and integrity of all countries

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9
Q

Great Migration

A

mass migration northward; mainly blacks migrating from the southern states into the north hoping for less discrimination

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10
Q

Lodge Reservations

A

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

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11
Q

Isolationism

A

avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin American involvement

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12
Q

Espionage Act & Sedition Act

A

fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military

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13
Q

Schenk vs U.S.

A

upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right to limit free speech during times of war

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14
Q

Red Scare (1919)

A

anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion

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15
Q

Palmer Raids

A

Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

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16
Q

“Red Summer”, race riots

A

Riots (most often Whites attacking Blacks, but some instances of the reverse) occurring in 1919. Black soldiers saw the greater social equality in Europe during WWI and came back seeking better treatment.

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17
Q

Nativism

A

severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values

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18
Q

Birth of a Nation

A

spawned resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan based on The Clansman

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19
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War

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20
Q

National Origins At

A

Reduced the annual country quota from 3 to 2 percent and based it on census of 1890, excluded Japanese immigrants.

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21
Q

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial

A

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied

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22
Q

Scopes Trial

A

Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty

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23
Q

Prohibition, rise of organized crime

A

supported by women and churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger - gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)

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24
Q

Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management

A

efficient working methods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages (hated by workers), power to managers

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25
Q

Henry Ford’s assembly line

A

mass production of the Model-T, workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other industries and raised employment

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26
Q

Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows

A

glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion and manufacturing

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27
Q

Radio

A

new industry, leisure time with family, sports industry stimulated, political advertisements, newscasts, broadcast of music

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28
Q

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A

Alice Paul; shocked traditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; new organization of women who were now more independent

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29
Q

Flappers

A

expressed new freedom of women, sexual revolution

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30
Q

Margaret Sanger and Birth Control

A

illegal, but widely accepted; with new promiscuity

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31
Q

Jazz

A

dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and ragtime; jazz migrated along with blacks in the Great Migration

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32
Q

Lost Generation

A

Leading writers of the postwar decade’s disillusionment with “hypocritical” religion and the “fradulent” sacrifices of wartime, disillusioned with ideals of another time and the materialism of business-oriented culture, included F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and Eugene O’Neill

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33
Q

Harlem Renaissance

A

Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.

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34
Q

Marcus Garvey, United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A

“Back to Africa” movement for racial pride and separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks

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35
Q

Charles Lindbergh

A

Celebrity hero who was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic in a small single engine plane. He success gripped the public’s imagination.

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36
Q

Washington Disarmament Conference

A

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

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37
Q

Dawes Plan (1924)

A

to make German reparations from WWI more accessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany, reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans

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38
Q

Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge

A

lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal to create higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)

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39
Q

Fordney-McCumber Tariff & Smoot- Hawley Tariff

A

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

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40
Q

Teapot Dome Scandal

A

Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming

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41
Q

Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce

A

known as “wartime food czar;” created recreation policies and reintroduced leisure culture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the cities and improve tourism, etc.

42
Q

Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury

A

introduced the “trickle-down” economics theory in order to promote business and increase money available for speculation

43
Q

Farm Crisis

A

agricultural depression as precursor to the depression; unheeded omen of problems in the economic structure (prices too low — too much supply for the demand)

44
Q

Causes of the depression

A

rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry, mistaken “trickle-down” economics, reliance on credit

45
Q

Stock market crash (1929)

A

stock prices fell drastically; without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, &c.

46
Q

Hoover’s policy of voluntarism

A

emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression

47
Q

Hoovervilles

A

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that the people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

48
Q

Bonus army

A

veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them; they were denied and were run out of Washington (violently, by MacArthur)

49
Q

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

A

attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them

50
Q

President Franklin Roosevelt

A

introduced his “New Deal,” won election by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)

51
Q

New Deal

A

The name of President Roosevelt’s program for getting the United States out of the depression

52
Q

Brain Trust

A

Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal.

53
Q

Hundred days

A

term applied to the first weeks of the Roosevelt Administration, during which Congress passed 13 emergency relief and reform measures that were the backbone of the early New Deal; these included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Glass Stegal Act (FDIC), Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Emergency Relief Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act.

54
Q

Emergency Banking Relief

A

four-day banking holiday to create controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks

55
Q

First New Deal Programs

A

1933-1935 improved, but not recovered, economy; included NRA, AAA, TVA, CCC, FERA, PWA, FDIC

56
Q

National Industrial Recovery & National Recovery Administration

A

prevent competition labor management disputes and overproduction. set max workweek, min. wages, and min. prices.

57
Q

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

A

subsidies to farmers to decrease production and thus increase prices

58
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A

hydroelectric power to river valley; brought social and economic development to very poor area

59
Q

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A

employed young jobless men with government projects on work relief and environment

60
Q

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

A

provided more funds to state and local relief efforts

61
Q

Public Works Administration (PWA)

A

Harold Ickles, provided public construction projects

62
Q

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A

to insure personal bank deposits up to $5000; required commercial banks to separate themselves from investment brokerages

63
Q

Second New Deal Programs

A

1935-38, reform-minded, more political

64
Q

Social Security Act of 1935

A

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers

65
Q

Works Progress Administration

A

May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemployed but couldn’t work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

66
Q

Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act

A

collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics

67
Q

Fair Labor Standards Act

A

1938 Act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor. Banned childlabor

68
Q

Keynesian economics

A

philosophy that deficit spending during a depression would increase purchasing power and stimulate economy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowed money to cover deficits

69
Q

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

A

halted sale of tribal lands, enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians’ entry into New Deal associations; led by John Collier

70
Q

Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor

A

first female cabinet member

71
Q

Butler v. U.S.

A

killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs

72
Q

Schechter v. U.S.

A

court case, unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation of legislative authority from Congress to executive

73
Q

Court Packing

A

Judiciary Reorganization Bill; FDR’s attempt to put in extra judges who would support him without doubt

74
Q

“Okies” and “Arkies”

A

Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl

75
Q

Deportations of Mexicans

A

nationalists against foreign non-English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men); encouraged to leave the U.S.

76
Q

Critics of FDR

A

Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long (“share our wealth”), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)

77
Q

Split of AFL in 1935

A

loss of members due to new following of CIO and discrimination

78
Q

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A

created by John L. Lewis for unskilled labor, organized “sit-down strike” against GM to work for recognition

79
Q

Dorothea Lange

A

hired to photograph ordinary Americans experiencing the depression

80
Q

Good Neighbor Policy

A

withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum (rebukes the “big stick”); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields

81
Q

Isolationism in 1920s and 1930s

A

Americans concerned with economic depression; sought to avoid european involvement, no apparent immediate threats

82
Q

Neutrality Acts, 1935-37

A

prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement; limited power of president during international war, built up armed forces

83
Q

Four Freedoms speech

A

FDR asked for increased authority to aid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want, from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease

84
Q

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

A

President to offer military supplies to nations “vital to the defense of the US”; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale)

85
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted in FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany and Italy responded with declarations of war

86
Q

First American Strategy in WWII

A

FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan

87
Q

Important WWII Battles

A

Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower’s amphibious invasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces), Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow and Leningrad, turning point in Europe)

88
Q

Japanese internment

A

fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors, sent off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threats in military areas

89
Q

Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs

A

risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely

90
Q

Yalta Conference (1945)

A

established world organization; Soviet Union pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

91
Q

Potsdam Conference (1945)

A

decided to punish war crimes, established program for de-Nazification of Germany

92
Q

The Homefront

A

westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories, still held inferior to men

93
Q

Rationing

A

Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving up of money to cause economic boom after war

94
Q

Rosie the Riveter

A

Nickname given to women who worked in factories during WWII. After WWII, went back home.

95
Q

John L. Lewis

A

through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)

96
Q

Bracero program

A

brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs, concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor working conditions (as they were not American citizens)

97
Q

Zoot Suit riots

A

racism riots against Mexican laborers (imported for jobs)

98
Q

A. Phillip Randolph and the March on Washington

A

A. Phillip Randal lwas a good person to lead this group b/c he was the leader of the Union for Railroad Workers. was threatened a march on Washington in protest of discrimination in defense industry jobs. President Roosevelt took this threat seriously and signed executive order that in writing would end this discrimination. This executive order also created the Fair Employment Practices Committee.

99
Q

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

A

prohibited discrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment

100
Q

President Harry Truman

A

first president to show positive response to civil rights movement; worked heavily on keeping Soviet spread of communism in check

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