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Physiology > II. Neurophysiology and Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

II. Neurophysiology and Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia; often as a result of bilateral lesions to the amygdala during temporal lobectomy

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

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2
Q

Location of lesion presenting with retrograde amnesia

A

Thalamus

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3
Q

Location of lesion presenting with anterograde amnesia

A

Hippocampus

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4
Q

Broddman areas: Broca’s area; lesion results in non-fluent / expressive aphasia

A

Area 44, 45

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5
Q

Broddman areas: Wernicke’s area; lesion results in fluent / receptive aphasia (“word-salad”)

A

Area 22

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6
Q

Association area in charge of behavior, emotions and motivation

A

Limbic Association Area

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7
Q

Area of the hypothalamus composed of magnocellular neurosecretory cells; produces vasopressin

A

Supraoptic nucleui

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8
Q

Area of the hypothalamus which produces oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nucleui

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9
Q

Lesion of this area of the hypothalamus may result in weight gain due to loss of satiety

A

Ventromedial nuclei

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10
Q

Lesion of this area of the hypothalamus may result it weight loss due to loss of hunger sensation

A

Lateral nuclei

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11
Q

Thalamic center for heat release (sweating)

A

Anterior hypothalamus

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12
Q

Thalamic center for heat conservation (shivering)

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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13
Q

Reward center

A

Median Forebrain bundle

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14
Q

Punishment center (more powerful in creating new memories than pleasure and reward)

A

Central gray area around aqueduct of sylvius

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15
Q

Component of the limbic system thought to control social inhibitions

A

Amygdala

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16
Q

Houses the vasomotor center; respiratory centers; swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers

A

Medulla

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17
Q

Micturition center, pneumotaxic center, apneustic center

A

Pons

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18
Q

Relay center for sensation

A

Thalamus

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19
Q

Connections between left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum, anterior commissure

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20
Q

Broddman areas: primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe; corresponds to the postcentral gyrus

A

Areas 3, 1, 2

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21
Q

Broddman areas: primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe; corresponds to the precentral gyrus

A

Area 4

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22
Q

Broddman areas: primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

A

Area 17

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23
Q

Master clock of all biological clocks in the human body; neurons exhibit synchronized, rhythmic firing

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the thalamus

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24
Q

Secretes increased levels of melatonin in darkness, regulating circadian functions of the body

A

Pineal gland

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25
Q

EEG waves seen in brain disorders and degenerative states

A

Theta waves

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26
Q

EEG waves seen when awake but eyes closed

A

Alpha waves

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27
Q

EEG waves seen when awake but eyes open

A

Beta waves

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28
Q

EEG waves seen during deep sleep and with organic brain diseases

A

Delta waves

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29
Q

Peptidoglycans which are thought to play a role in enhancement of slow-wave sleep

A

muramyl peptides

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30
Q

Type of sleep associated with memory formation, decreased BP, HR and BMR, increased GI motility

A

Slow-wave sleep

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31
Q

Type of sleep exhibiting progression through alpha waves, theta waves, delta waves interrupted by sleep spindles, then delta waves alone

A

Slow-wave sleep

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32
Q

Type of sleep associated with active dreaming, rapid eye-movements and penile erection; may exhibit irregular BP, HR and RR;

A

Paradoxical sleep (REM sleep)

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33
Q

Type of sleep associated with beta waves; more difficult to arouse

A

Paradoxical sleep (REM sleep)

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34
Q

Range of systemic blood pressure wherein cerebral blood flow is autoregulated at the local level

A

60-140 mmHg

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35
Q

Areas of the body capable of autoregulation of blood flow

A

Brain, heart, kidney, exercising skeletal muscle

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36
Q

Effect of increased carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow

A

Increase

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37
Q

Percentage of total body metabolism occuring in the most metabolic organ in the body

A

15% (by the Brain!)

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38
Q

Total amount of CSF produced by the body in a day

A

500mL

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39
Q

CSF pathway: lateral ventricle —> ______

A

Foramen of monroe

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40
Q

CSF pathway: foramen of monroe —> ______

A

Third ventricle

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41
Q

CSF pathway: third ventricle —> ______

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

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42
Q

CSF pathway: Aqueduct of Sylvius—> ______

A

Fourth ventricle

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43
Q

CSF pathway: fourth ventricle—> ______ (medial)

A

Foramen of Magendie

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44
Q

CSF pathway: fourth ventricle—> ______ (lateral)

A

Foramen of Luschka (there are two!)

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45
Q

CSF pathway: Foramina of Luschka and Magendie—> ______

A

Subarachnoid space

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46
Q

CSF pathway: subarachnoid space—> ______

A

Arachnoid granulations

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47
Q

CSF pathway: arachnoid granulations—> ______

A

Dural venous sinus blood

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48
Q

Type of junctional complex seen in the cells composing the blood-brain barrier

A

Zonula occludens

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49
Q

Areas of the brain which are devoid of the blood-brain barrier

A

Hypothalamus (some areas), pineal gland, area postrema

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50
Q

Cranial nerves with PNS participation

A

Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Facial, Occulomotor ( IX, X, VII, III)

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51
Q

Sole sources of energy for the brain

A

Glucose (fed state); Ketone bodies (fasting)

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52
Q

Target tissues under sympathetic control which utilize cholinergic rather than adrenergic receptors

A

Erector pili muscle, sweat glands ( influenced by muscarinic receptors)

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53
Q

Location of cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Brainstem; sacral segments of the spinal cord

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54
Q

Location of cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Brainstem; thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

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55
Q

Location of cell bodies of the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Walls of effector organs (hence, longer pre-ganglionic fibers)

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56
Q

Location of cell bodies of the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Paravertebral ganglia (hence, longer post-ganglionic fibers)

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57
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors in which there is a change in response secondary to repetitive or prolonged stimuli

A

Adaptation

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58
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors wherein specific sensations have specific receptors

A

Differential sensitivity

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59
Q

Characteristic of sensory receptors wherein specific sensations traverse specific pathways

A

Labeled line principle

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60
Q

Sensory receptor for detecting continuous stimulus strength

A

Tonic Receptor

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61
Q

Sensory receptor for detecting onset and offset of stimulus; predictive function

A

Phasic Receptor

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62
Q

Characteristics of Type I receptive field in skin

A

smaller; well-defined border

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63
Q

Characteristics of Type 2 receptive field in skin

A

wider; poorly-defined border

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64
Q

Tactile receptors: found in skin; for touch and pressure

A

Free nerve ending

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65
Q

Tactile receptors: found in fingertips and lips; for movement of objects and low-frequency vibration

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (FA1)

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66
Q

Tactile receptors: Iggo Dome receptors; for continuous touch; determining texture and touch localization

A

Merkel’s disc (SA1)

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67
Q

Tactile receptors: found in hair base; for continuous touch; for detection of movement of objects over skin

A

Hair-end organ

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68
Q

Tactile receptors: found in deep skin and joint capsules; for heavy and prolonged touch; signals degree of joint rotation

A

Ruffini’s end organ (SA2)

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69
Q

Tactile receptors: onion-like; found in skin and deep fascia; for detection of high-frequency vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)

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70
Q

Large myelinated fibers; faster conduction velocity; greater temporal and spatial fidelity; decussates near the medulla as internal arcuate fibers

A

Dorsal column - Medial lemniscus pathway

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71
Q

Small myelinated fibers; relatively slower conduction velocity; less accurate gradiations; decussates immediately in the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord (1-2 vertebral levels above point of entry)

A

Antero-lateral system (Spinothalamic tract)

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72
Q

Vibration, position sense, fine pressure, two-point discrimination

A

Dorsal column - Medial lemniscus pathway

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73
Q

Pain, temperature, crude touch and pressure, ticke and itch, sexual sensation

A

Antero-lateral system (Spinothalamic tract)

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74
Q

Thalamic relay station for the Dorsal column - Medial lemniscus pathway

A

VPL nuclei

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75
Q

Thalamic relay station for the Trigemino-thalamic pathway

A

VPM nuclei

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76
Q

Thalamic relay station for Antero-lateral system (Spinothalamic tract)

A

VPI nuclei

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77
Q

Sensory fiber and neurotransmitter for fast pain

A

A-delta fibers; glutamate

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78
Q

Sensory fiber and neurotransmitter for slow pain

A

Type C fibers; Substance P

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79
Q

Sharp / pricking/ acute/ “electric” pain

A

Fast pain

80
Q

Slow/ burning/ aching/ chronic pain; associated with tissue destruction

A

Slow pain

81
Q

Opiod mediators of the endogenous analgesia system

A

Enkephalin, dynorphine, beta-endorphine

82
Q

Inhibition of pain caused by stimulating tactile receptors; said to be the basis for massage and accupuncture

A

Lateral inhibition

83
Q

Cold receptors

A

Type-A delta fibers

84
Q

Warmth receptors

A

Type C fibers

85
Q

Thresholds for pain sensation in relation to changes in temperature

A

Greater than 43 and less than 15 degrees Celsius

86
Q

Light wavelengths that fall within the human visual range

A

400-750nm

87
Q

Average refractive power of the human eye

A

59-60 diopters

88
Q

Average refractive power contributed by the cornea

A

~40 diopters (2/3 total)

89
Q

Average refractive power contributed by the lens

A

~20 diopters (1/3 total) - lens exhibits variable refractive power

90
Q

Focusing on a distant object

A

Ciliary muscles relaxed; suspensory ligaments tensed; lens flattened

91
Q

Focusing on a near object

A

Ciliary muscles contracted; suspensory ligaments relaxed ; lens becomes spherical

92
Q

Refractive power added during accomodation

A

~14 diopters

93
Q

Produces the main determinant of IOP

A

Ciliary body (produces aqueous humor)

94
Q

Causes membrane hyperpolarization of its receptor, in contrast to all other sensory stimuli

A

Light

95
Q

Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color

A

Macula Lutea

96
Q

Depression in macula with highest visual resolution; point of fixation of the perceived image

A

Fovea

97
Q

Anatomic blind spot

A

Optic Disc

98
Q

Protrusion of the optic disc into the vitreoius space due to increased ICP

A

Papilledema

99
Q

Prevents light scattering; site of retinal detachment and macular degeneration; contains melanin

A

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

100
Q

Contrast detectors; connects rods and cones with ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

101
Q

Retinal glial cell

A

Mueller cells

102
Q

Retinal ganglion cell for detecting color, form and fine detail

A

P cell

103
Q

Retinal ganglion cell for detecting movement and illumination

A

M cell

104
Q

Retinal ganglion cell with unknown function

A

W cell

105
Q

More numerous; lower acuity; greater amount of photopigment; greater signal amplification; slower adaptation lasting minutes to hours; for night-vision

A

Rods

106
Q

Less numerous; higher acuity; less amount of photopigment; less signal amplification; faster adaptation lasting only seconds; for color vision in daylight

A

Cones

107
Q

Type of photopigment found in rods

A

Rhodopsin

108
Q

Types photochemicals found in cones

A

Blue/Green/Red

109
Q

Effect of rhodopsin on photosensitivity

A

Increase

110
Q

Light rays converge in front of the retina; corrected by biconcave (minus/diverging) lens

A

Myopia

111
Q

Light rays converge behind the retina; corrected by convex (plus/converging) lens

A

Hyperopia

112
Q

Decreased VA caused by irregular curvature of the cornea; corrected by cylindrical lens

A

Astigmatism

113
Q

Age-related loss of accommodation; corrected by convex (plus/converging) lens

A

Presbyopia

114
Q

A person with this condition will have improved near vision as he/she ages

A

Hyperopia (corrected by Presbyopia)

115
Q

First sign of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Nyctalopia

116
Q

Common in Lung CA patients with tumors compressing sympathetic fibers in the neck; triad of Ptosis, Miosis, Anhydrosis

A

Horner’s Syndrome

117
Q

Speed of sound in air

A

335m/sec

118
Q

Range of sound frequencies detectable by the human ear

A

20-20,000 Hz

119
Q

Sound frequencies that cause greater damage to the Organ of Corti

A

Low frequency

120
Q

Average loudness of conversational speech

A

60 dB

121
Q

Loudness capable of causing pain sensation in the ear

A

120 dB

122
Q

Age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss

A

Presbycusis

123
Q

Length of time of exposure to sound with loudness >85 dB or higher that will result in occupational hearing loss

A

> 8 hours per day for 10 years (OHL is the most common occupation-related disease)

124
Q

Function of the outer ear (pinna, EAM)

A

Sound collection and localization

125
Q

Function of the middle ear (tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles)

A

Impedance matching

126
Q

Reach the basilar membrane more proximal to the oval window

A

High frequency sound waves

127
Q

Reach the basilar membrane near the helicotrema (apex of the Organ of Corti)

A

Low frequency sound waves

128
Q

Function of the basilar membrane

A

frequency analyzer; distributes stimulus along the Organ of Corti according to frequency

129
Q

Functions to mask background noise and protect the chochlea from damaging sounds

A

Attenuation reflex

130
Q

Found in the scala media; high in potassium

A

Endolymph

131
Q

Found in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani; high in sodium

A

Perilymph

132
Q

Component of vestibular apparatus mainly used in detecting linear acceleration and head orientation with respect to gravity

A

Saccule and Utricle (otolith organs)

133
Q

Component of the vestibular apparatus mainly used in detecting rotation, angular acceleration and maintenance of equilibrium

A

Semicircular canals

134
Q

Crista ampullaris, cupula and hair cells

A

Semicircular canals

135
Q

Macule, stataconia and hair cells

A

Saccule and Utricle (otolith organs)

136
Q

Lifespan of taste chemoreceptors

A

10 days

137
Q

Examples> Sweet:Salty:Sour:Umami:Bitter

A

Sucrose: Sodium: HCl: MSG: Quinine

138
Q

Tastebuds located on anterior and lateral surface of the tongue

A

Fungiform and Foliate papillae

139
Q

Lifespan of olfactory receptors

A

60 days

140
Q

Nerve fibers used by olfactory sense

A

Unmyelinated C fibers

141
Q

Special sense that does not have a relay center in the thalamus

A

Smell

142
Q

Responsible for detection of painful/noxious odors

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V) contribution to the olfactory membrane

143
Q

Taste buds located at the base of the tongue

A

Circumvallate papillae

144
Q

Macrophages of the brain

A

Microglia

145
Q

Non-neuronal cells which regulate ECF ion composition; provide mechanical support; form the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

146
Q

Non-neuronal cells which create myelin in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

147
Q

Non-neuronal cells which create myelin in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

148
Q

Non-neuronal cells which provide support and maintain homeostasis; more numerous than neurons

A

Glial Cells

149
Q

Portion of the neuron which receives neurotransmitters

A

Dendrites

150
Q

Portion of the neuron where the action potential is generated

A

Axon Hillock

151
Q

Functions as an insulator of the nerve cell; its presence increases the speed of action potential conduction by saltatory conduction

A

Myelin sheath

152
Q

Unmyelinated portions of the axon

A

Nodes of ranvier

153
Q

Branches of the axon

A

Neural fibril

154
Q

Terminal portion of a neural fibril where NT-containing vesicles are found

A

Terminal bouton

155
Q

Space separating an axon and dendrite; permits transmission of conducting signal from one nerve cell to another

A

Synapse

156
Q

Microtubule used in replenishing synaptic vesicles at the terminal boutons (anterograde axonal transport)

A

Kinesin

157
Q

Microtubule used in recycling synaptic vesicles by lysosomal degredation (retrograde axonal transport)

A

Dynein

158
Q

Death of an axon distal to the site of nerve transection

A

Wallerian degeneration (anterograde degredation)

159
Q

Changes to the soma (nerve cell body) after an axon is transected

A

Chematolysis (axonal reaction)

160
Q

Branch of the nervous system more capable of axonal regeneration

A

Peripheral nervous system (as compared to CNS)

161
Q

Neurotransmitter utilized by skeletal muscle, all preganglionic neurons of the ANS, post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system and some post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system

A

Acetylcholine

162
Q

Location of synthesis of acetylcholine

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal ganglia

163
Q

CNS disease entity which exhibits acetylcholine deficiency

A

Alzheimer’s disease

164
Q

Location majority of dopamine in the brain

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta & ventral tegmental area

165
Q

Responsible for degradation of dopamine

A

MAO and COMT

166
Q

CNS disease entity which exhibits dopamine deficiency

A

Parkinson’s disease

167
Q

CNS disease entity which exhibits dopamine excess

A

Schizophrenia

168
Q

Neurotransmitter found in the locus ceruleus in the pons

A

Norepinephrine

169
Q

Neurotransmitters used by the adrenergic system; controls overall activity and mood; responsible for increased level of wakefulness

A

Catecholamines (NE and E)

170
Q

Derived from Phenylalanine

A

Tyrosine, L-Dopa, Dopamine, NE, Thyroxine, Melanin

171
Q

Derived from Tryptophan

A

Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin

172
Q

Secretes serotonin in the brain

A

Median raphe of the brainstem

173
Q

Where serotonin is converted to melatonin

A

Pineal gland

174
Q

Derived from arginine; short-acting inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted in areas of the brain responsible for long-term behavior and memory

A

Nitric Oxide

175
Q

Neurotransmitter derived from Histidine; involved in control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythms

A

Histamine

176
Q

Major location of histamine in the brain

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus

177
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

Glycine

178
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; derived from the main excitatory neurotransmitter

A

GABA (derived from Glutamate)

179
Q

Main excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

180
Q

Typical resting membrane potential of nerve cells

A

-70mV

181
Q

Characteristics of an action potential

A

Stereotypical, propagating, all-or-none

182
Q

Contributes to the value of the resting membrane potential

A

Nernst potential of ions; Na-K leak channels; Na-K-ATPase pump

183
Q

Sodium influx caused by opening of the Na-activation gates

A

Depolarization

184
Q

Closure of Na-inactivation gates; opening of potassium gates causing potassium effflux

A

Repolarization

185
Q

Ionic basis for the absolute refractory period

A

Na inactivation gates still closed

186
Q

Ionic basis for relative refractory period

A

Prolonged opening of K channels

187
Q

Slow depolarization of a nerve cell, allowing threshold potential to be surpassed without generating an action potential

A

Accommodation

188
Q

Neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels

A

Tetradotoxin (pufferfish); Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates)

189
Q

Neurotoxin that blocks potassium channels

A

Tetraethylammonium (pufferfish)

190
Q

Two or more presnaptic inputes arriving at the postsynaptic cell simultaneously

A

Spatial summation

191
Q

Two or more presnaptic inputes arriving at the postsynaptic cell in rapid succession

A

Temporal summation

192
Q

Repeated stimulation of the postsynaptic cell causing response to be greater than expected

A

Nerve facilitation

193
Q

Repeated stimulation of the postsynaptic cell causing response to be decreased

A

Synaptic fatigue

194
Q

Increased release of and sensitivity to neurotransmitter

A

Long-term potentiation

195
Q

Fastest-transmitting nerve fibers; used in proprioception and somatic motor system

A

A-alpha

196
Q

Nerve fibers used in muscle spindles

A

A-gamma

Physiology (3 decks)

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