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Physiology > I. Cell Physiology > Flashcards

I. Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Compartment of the cell which contains DNA, Histones, Chromosomes, and the Nucleolus

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Membrane-bound organelle; site for electron transport chain and citric acid cycle

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

Involved in detoxification, lipid synthesis and conversion of lipid-soluble substances into water-soluble substances

A

Agranular endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Synthesizes proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion outside of the cell

A

RER Ribosome

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5
Q

Synthesizes mitochondrial proteins and proteins which remain within the cytoplasm

A

Free-floating Ribosome

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6
Q

Responsible for packaging and molecular tagging of proteins; synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

A

Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Contains proenzymes and neurotransmitters; replenishes cell membrane proteins

A

Secretory Vesicles

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8
Q

Involved in autolysis and tissue regression; destroys foreign bodies

A

Lysosome

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9
Q

Degrades membrane-associated proteins; not membrane-bound

A

Proteosomes

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10
Q

Contains oxidases and catalases which function in detoxification and removal of reactive oxygen species; supplements lipid synthesis done by Smooth ER

A

Peroxisomes

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11
Q

Biochemical pathways occurring in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm

A

Heme synthesis, Urea synthesis and Gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

Biochemical pathways occurring exclusively in the mitochondria

A

Beta-oxidation and Krebs Cycle

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13
Q

Site of transcription and processing of ribosomal RNA

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

Skeletal Muscle: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Neuron: _____

A

Nissl substance. Both are specialized forms of SER

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15
Q

Structural protein which undergoes its final modification in the RER rather than the Golgi apparatus

A

Collagen

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16
Q

The wear-and-tear pigment which accumulates in lysosomes; marker of cellular aging

A

Lipofuscin

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17
Q

Added by the Golgi apparatus to lysosome-bound proteins

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

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18
Q

Cell filament in microvilli, zonula adherens, zonula occludens, muscles; involved in locomotion of macrophages

A

Actin (microfilaments)

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19
Q

Cell filament found in keratin, neurofilaments, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

A

Intermediate filaments

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20
Q

Produced from tubulin dimers; found in flagella, cilia, centrioles, intracellular vesicles and the mitotic spindle

A

Microtubules

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21
Q

Transport of cellular substances from center to periphery

A

Kinesin

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22
Q

Transport of cellular substances from periphery to center

A

Dynein

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23
Q

Junctional complex: disk-shaped, for firm intracellular adhesions; seen in epithelium

A

Macula adherens (desmosomes)

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24
Q

Junctional complex: ring-shaped; increases surface area for contact; seen in intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

A

Zonula adherens

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25
Q

Junctional complex: reticular pattern; divides the cell into apical and baso-lateral side; leaky-type (PCT, Jejunum) vs tight-type (collectung duct, terminal colon, blood-brain barrier)

A

Zonula occludens (tight junction)

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26
Q

Junctional complex: for intercellular communication; seen in cardiac and urinary tract smooth muscle

A

Gap junctions

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27
Q

Gap junction functional unit

28
Q

Theory describing various macromolecules, such as phospholipids, glycoproteins, peripheral and integral proteins, cholesterol, moving laterally throughout the plasma membrane bi-layer

A

Fluid-Mosaic model

29
Q

Membrane component which is the main determinant of fluidity and permeability to hydrophilic substances

A

Cholesterol

30
Q

Precursor for steroid hormones, vitamin D and bile salst

A

Cholesterol

31
Q

Endocytosis of proteins; requires ATP and extracellular calcium

A

Pinocytosis

32
Q

Endocytosis of large substances (bacteria, cell debris, dead cells); often receptor-mediated

A

Phagocytosis

33
Q

Triskelion-shaped protein which plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles for endocytosis

34
Q

Mediators of exocytosis

A

SNARE proteins

35
Q

TBW in infants

A

75% of body weight

36
Q

Average mass of the the milleu interior in a 70-kg man?

A

14kg (milleu interior = internal environment = ECF = 20% TBW)

37
Q

Predominant extracellular cation

38
Q

Predominant extracellular anion

39
Q

Predominant intracellular cation

40
Q

Predominant intracellular anion

41
Q

States that within the same compartment, the total number of cations should be equal to the total number of anion

A

Principle of Macroscopic Electroneutrality

42
Q

Indicator molecule for Total Body Water

A

Deuterium oxide, antipyrine

43
Q

Indicator molecule for ECF

A

Inulin, mannitol

44
Q

Indicator molecule for Plasma

A

I(124)-labeled albumin

45
Q

Normal plasma osmolarity

A

300 mOsm/L

46
Q

Describes the ease with which a solutes permeates a membrane on a numerical scale from 0 to 1 (no penetration to complete penetration)

A

Reflection Coefficient

47
Q

Transport mechanism: active (indirectly utilizes the ion gradient created by the Na-K-ATPase pump), carrier-mediated

A

Secondary active transport

48
Q

Characteristics of carrier-mediated transport

A

Saturation, Stereospecificity and Competition

49
Q

Transport mechanism: passive, non-carrier-mediated

A

Simple Diffusion

50
Q

Transport mechanism: passive, carrier mediated

A

Facilitated Diffusion

51
Q

Transport mechanism: active (directly utilizes ATP), carrier mediated

A

Primary active transport

52
Q

Transport mechanism utilized by SGLT-1 (intestines), SGLT-2 (kidneys), Na-K-Cl (ascending tubule), Na-H exchange (PCT)

A

Secondary active transport

53
Q

Example of primary active transport in the stomach

A

H-K ATPase pump (proton pump)

54
Q

Transport mechanism utilized by D-glucose transport to muscles and adipose

A

Facilitated Diffusion

55
Q

Transport mechanism utilized by alcohol, lipid hormones, anesthetic drugs

A

Simple Diffusion

56
Q

Transport mechanism utilized by oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

A

Simple Diffusion

57
Q

Prevents cellular swelling, helps establish resting membrane potential and contributes to basal metabolic reate

A

Na-K-ATPase pump

58
Q

Functional unit of the Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by digoxin

A

Alpha subunit

59
Q

Location of the Na-K-ATPase pump in the choroid plexus

A

Apical side

60
Q

Location of the Na-K-ATPase pump in all epithelial cells except the choroid plexus

A

Basolateral side

61
Q

Formula for plasma osmolarity

A

2Na + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 (Na in mEq/L; Glucose in mg/dL; BUN in mg/dL)

62
Q

Autosomal recessive disease characterized by absence of dynein in the microtubules

A

Kartagener syndrome

63
Q

Triad of Kartagener syndrome

A

Infertility, bronchiectasis, situs inversus

64
Q

Whip-like movements exhibited only be cells of the respiratory airway and fallopian tubes

A

Ciliary movement

65
Q

Cellular locomotion exhibited in response to a chemotactic substance

A

Amoeboid movement (seen WBCs, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo)

66
Q

Propeller-like cellular locomotion characterized by quasi-sinusoidal waves

A

Flagellar movement

Physiology (3 decks)

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