IHUM 202 Midterm Review Flashcards
Neoplatonism
Blending pagan philosophy with scripture (renaissance)
Plato Teachings
Harmony
Chain of being - imperfect to perfect, simple to complex
Realm of forms on outer spheres
(renaissance)
Ficino Teachings
Neoplatonism
Humans in the middle of great chain of being
(renaissance)
Music of the Spheres
Cosmos hold harmonies with each other. Planets are in perfect order
Based on Pythagoras
(renaissance)
Copernicus
Heliocentric Model
(renaissance)
Kepler
Elliptical orbits
(rennaisance)
Brunellschi
Linear Perspective
(renaissance)
Alberti
Art Realism - more credit to those who can imitate gold rather than use it
Art is liberal art, not a manual craft
Renaissance Humanism
An education focusing on classical rhetoric, moral philosophy, history, grammar, for elites.
Liberal Arts
Leonardo Da Vinci
Proportions of the human figure
(renaissance)
Renaissance Art
Naturalistic Figures
Order, symmetry
Mathematical Realism
Linear Perspective
Vanishing Point
Ideal Form/Proportions
Anatomical Realism
Contrapposto
Chiaroscuro
Dynamic Stability
Restrained Emotion
Diffuse Lighting
Renaissance Music
Non-Dominant Polyphony
Often with just voices
Sacred Music
Sfumato
Glazing that smooths out lines, borders, brushstrokes
Pico della Mirandola
Oration on the Dignity of Man
Humans as Chameleon - We are what we choose to be
(radical renaissance)
Marlow’s Faustus
Written in the Reformation
Chain of Being Vs. Self Creation (He tried to step out the great chain of being)
Faust as archetype for tragic striving - he is a sympathetic character
Free will is up in the air - he was free to sin, but not to repent. Or was he?
Popularized Blank Verse
Radical Renaissance Art
Nudity - humans as object of beauty
Rise of Self Portrait
Renaissance Summary
Harmony and Order
Push for Education
Radical Renaissance Summary
Self-Creation and Self-Awareness
Fascination with uniqueness of human condition
Radical Renaissance Literature
Iambic Pentameter
Tragedy
Key Pillars of Roman Catholicism
Mass
Sacraments
John Wycliffe
Vernacular Bible (read by common man)
Predestination
Attacked church wealth, papacy
Erasmus
Biblical Translation
Personal Devotion
Diminished role of sacraments, complicated theology
Christian Humanist
Calvin
Predestination
Men are totally lost, basically no free will
Iconoclasm
God is unknowable
TULIP
Martin Luther
Faith, not works (Faith alone
No Free will (grace alone)
Truth revealed in scripture, not church (scripture alone)
Rejection of sacramental system
Erasmus vs Luther
Erasmus - free will
Luther - No free will
TULIP
Total Depravity
Unconditional Election
Limited Atonement
Irresistible Grace
Perseverance of the Saints
Christian Humanism Vs Protestant Reformation
Christian Humanism tried to reform the church from within
Jan Hus
Like Wycliffe, but executed
Diet of Worms
Martin Luther refused to take back statements
Council of Trent
Final attempt to prevent schism, but protestants didn’t show up.
End up reaffirming catholic doctrine (and the purposes of religious art)
Catholic Renewel
Stop Heresy
Strengthen normal Catholics
Convert non-christians
Southern Baroque art
Dramatic, didactic, devotional
Lighting
Dramatic Tenebrism
Supernatural Light Source
Bold, Rich Colors
Movement/Moment in Time
Dramatic Diagonals
Shallow Foreground
Action exceeds frame
Emotional Realism
Humans are dramatic and supercharged
Spiritual Excecises
Jesuit way to experience God with all five senses.
Ignatius of Loyola
St. Teresa of Avila
Mysticism - Encouraged using images to talk to God so that we may more readily understand his nearness
Counter-Reformation Music
Contrapuntal Polyphony - Independent melody lines (rather than one dominant with supporting harmonies)
Applying secular genres to sacred texts
Southern Baroque Summary
Closely associated with the counter-reformation and was a way for the Church to verify its authority
Calvin on Religious Art
Religious Art = Idols
But nature is God’s country
Northern Baroque Center
Dutch Republic
Northern Baroque Art
Genre Paintings - Everyday life
Lighting and Color
Natural Light
Earthier Color Scheme
Movement/Moment in Time
Usually more subtle, but still spontaneous
Attention to detail, texture, volume
Subtle Emotional Realism
Landscapes
Still Lifes
Renaissance Science
To understand nature is to understand God
God created universe according to harmonic principles
Catholic reading of Scripture
Our senses are aided by grace, scripture, and church to correctly perceived God
God is transcendent, but accommodates our understanding to be knowable
Protestant Reading of Scripture
God is transcendent
God’s glory is hidden in nature
Our senses are too fallen to perceive Him
Francis Bacon
Induction
Empirical Observation
Rene Descartes
Deduction
Rational Thinking
“Of what I can certain” more than “what is true”
Blaise Pascal
Logical Pessimism
Use rational methods within limited means to identify best outcomes.
No certainty but from God.
Wrote the Wager on God
Scientific Revolution Summary
Creation of science as a field
Science is still tied to religion
Nature shifted from knowable to secretive machine
Baroque Music Philosphy
Music as Rhetoric
Music Serves the Text
Passionate Themes and Stories
Baroque Music Elements
Contrast (tempo, dynamics, timbre)
Ornament (flourishes, etc)
Basso Continuo
Complex counterpoint, bass, passion
Baroque Music Developments
Monody
Homophony
Polyphony (Counterpoint)
Harpsicord
Organ
String Emphasis
Monody
Single Voice with simple accompaniment
Homophony
Melody + Choral Accompaniment
Baroque Polyphony
Counterpoint polyphony - Much more complex.
Renaissance Polyphony
Equally independent melodies
Basso Continuo
Melody and Bass line are written out together, helping harmonies.
Baroque Musical Forms
Opera
Oratorio
Cantata
Sonata
Concerto
Suite
Opera
Musical Story on stage
Oratorio
Musical drama on religious subjects
Cantata
Extended piece with many recitatives and set pieces (duets, choruses, etc)
Sonata
Work in several movements for one or more instruments and basso continuo
Concerto
Work in several movements for one instrumental soloist and orchestra
Suite
A series of dances in the same key
Baroque Lit
Startling conceits
Complex syntax
Paradox
Irony
Wit
Dramatic Contrast
Allusions
Anne Bradstreet, John Donne
Paradise Lost
John Milton
Epic
Blank Verse
Freedom, responsibility, human nature
Satan as a sympathetic character.
Free will vs. Predestination - God equipped humans with reason and freedom to choose
Knowledge - temptation to know more than our station
Court Baroque Summary
Propaganda for absolutist monarchs because This time period was a state of crisis
Court Baroque -> Neoclassicism -> Roccoco
Primary Court Baroque Monarch
Louis XIV
French Monarch
After his death the aristocracy moved back to country villas
Versailles
Rococo Art
Retains Baroque elements of movement, energy, and diagonals, but replaces the gravitas with frivolity
Grace, elegance
Sensuality and eroticisim
Light and sentimental themes
Curved lines, light colors, asymmetry
Rapid Brushwork
Greco-Roman Mythology
Salons
Rococo era rooms used to entertain and impress
Fete Galant
Outdoor pastimes, courtship
Rococo Architecture
Ornamentation and décor before architecture
Heavy use of gilded features and mirrors, chandeliers
Rococo Music
Light, repetitive dance tunes on the harpsicord
Graceful, delicate
Feature ornamental details (trills)
Style galant - courtly style
Themes of Love and Romance
Rococo Influences
Death of Louis XIV and his court baroque led to to aristocrats regaining cultural and political influence
Neoclassical Art
Sober Colors
Refined, smooth brushwork
Strong Verticals and Horizontals
Virtue, sacrifice, heroism
Shallow Space
Neoclassical Architecture in background
Anatomical Realism
Idealized figures
Deathbed scenes
Reason AND emotion (biggest difference between this and renaissance)
Neoclassical Context
Art needed to be moral and noble
People viewed children as having potential to give to society.
We have a duty to humankind above all else.
Madam De Pompadour
Salon Culture
Mother of Rococo Art
Fete Champetre
Outdoor Party
Angelica Kauffman
Neoclassical Artist
Neoclassical Architecture
Simplicity
Symmetry
Mathematical proportions
Domes, columns
Classical Music
Distaste for baroque music
Gradual, subtle dynamic changes
Piano!!
More homophonic, clearer musical structures, more contained, constrained shifts in dynamics and tempo
Much clearer, the melodies are simpler than Baroque music.
Usually no basso continuo
Symphonic Orchestra
Immediate Appeal, Hummable
Enlightenment main principle (4)
Re-establish correspondence between nature and human nature
Optimism, confidence in progress
New individualism
Deism
Isaac Newton (3)
Produced “universal laws”
Cemented Inductive reasoning as dominant approach
Based ideas on both Bacon and Descartes
John Locke
Empiricism
Receive ideas by experience (senses, reflection)
We can control this process of getting ideas (thus education is essential, and different people need different education)
We arrive in the world as blank slates
Man’s natural state: liberty, equality, insecurity
Condorcet
Built on Locke, progress is in our nature and in our control. It is limitless and only goes in one direction
Enlightenment Pessimism
The breakdown of “natural laws” and doubt about progress.
Rousseau, Voltaire, and others, believed that human nature was too complex or contradictory to operate in natures machine. Mean that we will all continue suffering
Rasselas
Enlightenment
Philosophical novella about finding happiness
Characters find that there will always be suffering and there is no way to really find real happiness.
For example, when one finds happiness, he becomes restless if he has not known misery.
Written by
Samuel Johnson
Rasselas Author
Enlightenment Art and Literature
Satire (A modest proposal)
Philosophical novella (Rasselas)
Visual Satire
Rousseau
Rights of Man
Social Contract - Government comes from the free individuals coming together to give up some freedoms for security and order. They form a collective, general will
Inspired French Revolution
Classical Symphony
Exposition
Development
Recapitulation
Coda (tail)
3 Revolutions at end of enlightenment
Kant
We only know phenomenal - things we can know by senses
There exists noumenal - things not known by senses
A cross between empiricism and rationalism
In summary, subjectivity. It’s hard to know the real truth.
Romantic Music
Fuller Orchestras
Emotion expression center of music
Stories (programmatic)
Nationalist music
Symphony
More intense contrast and dynamics
Symphony
Dominant in the Romantic period, started in classic
4 Movements
Each movement had:
Exposition
Development
Recapitulation
Coda (tail)
Classical: Haydn, Mozart
Romantic: Beethoven
Romantic Literature
Subjective
Emotional Perception
Lyric Poem, Emotional Narrative, autobiographical
Romantic Poetry
Unity - science, spirituality, nature, passion, reason
Subject Experience - Exploration of feelings
Beauty
Lyric Poem
First Person
Speech of Common people
Romantic Instrospection
Trying to find the natural, real self
Authority of experience and feeling
Unity of reason and passion
Wordsworth
Poet - used common speech and focused on emotion
Thought he real person was found in the childhood
Herder
Language as “co-creating”
Experienced shaped by language, and language shaped by experience
Romantic Art
Loss, “painterly” brushstrokes
Soft Edges
Thicker paint
Natural world,
Art as creation, not as imitation of real life
Contemporary politics
Industrial Revolution
Enlightenment viewed it as a key step forward, Romantics viewed it as stripping away human nature
Edmond Burke
Beauty vs Sublime
Protestant Reformation emphasis
Corruption of human nature
Unknowability of God
Scientific Revolution Takeaways
Science as it’s own discipline
Nature needs to be decoded
Human reason needs purging and help
Science is ethical an spiritual, both for individual and collective betterment
Alexander Pope
Reaffirms great chain of being
Very positive, all is right
Romantic Context
Political Revolutions (French, American, Haitian)
Industrial revolution
Intellectual Revolution
Romantic Takeaways
Quest for self, unify passion and reason
Sources of self, childhood, solitude, ‘selfing’
Sublime vs Beautiful
Classical Tragedy
Main hero caught between equally justifiable ethical forces
Shakespearean Tragedy
Conflict is within the self or the self vs the world
