Ignore

Question 1

Outline Animal studies in attachment

Answer 1

• Lorenze:
  Animals will imprint in the critical period (first two years of life)
• Harlow:
  Monkeys prefer comfort over feeding

Question 2

Outline the stages of attachment by Schaffer

Answer 2

Asocial: birth - 3 months - infants are attached to other humans
Indiscriminate - 3-7 months - recognise and prefer familiar faces
Specific: 7-8 months
Multiple: 9 months - onward

Question 3

Caregiver and infant interactions

Answer 3

Reciprocity: a two way process of responses E.G: infant cries and mum feeds
Interactive Synchrony: where the mother and baby mirror each other
Isabella found a correlation between this action and interactions between the two

Question 4

Outline learning theory as an explanation for attachment

Answer 4

• Classical Conditioning
  B4: UNC Stim + UNC Response
  During: NU stim + UNC stim = UNC respo
  After: COND stim = COND response
• Operant Conditioning
  Reinforcement
  Crying is pos reinforced
  Caregiver receives beg reinforcement when crying stops

Question 5

Outline Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

Answer 5

• monotropic bond: to one specific carer
• internal working model: a template for later relationships and parenting
• Critical period: first 2 years !!
• Evolutionary principles: humans have developed a biological need to attach

Question 6

Outline Schaffers study of attachment

Answer 6

Pro:
- 60 babies
- visited at home every month for 1st yr
- mothers were questioned for separation and stranger anxiety

Find:
- between 25 weeks of age 50% had separation anxiety (specific attach)
- by 40 weeks 80% had specific attachments and 30% had multiple

Question 7

Outline the role of the father

Answer 7

Traditionally fathers played a minor role
- Bowbly supported this
HOWEVER
Grossman found fathers play a different role in attachment (fathers play)

• Field found fathers can act as more nurturing and show more signs of reciprocity

Question 8

Outline Ainsworths strange situation

Answer 8

Pro: unfamiliar room, behaviour was observed, 100 m/c families
Looked for:
- Proximity, Exploration, Separation Anxiety, Stranger Anxiety and reunion response

Type of Attachment
Type A: Insecure avoidant - infants are unconcerned of strangers and reunion
Type B: Insecure Resistent - have high stranger anxiety and are ambivalent
Type C: Secure - high stranger anxiety and are happy upon reunion

Question 9

Outline Cultural Variations in attachment

Answer 9

Van Ijzendoorn:
- meta-analysis of 32 studies
Findings:
- Secure was most common (75% UK, 50% China)
- Resistance was the least common (3% UK, 30% Israel)
- Avoidant was most common in Germany and least common in Japan

The biggest variations were within countries rather than between